assignment on internet of things

Internet of Things (IoT)

The term “Internet of Things” (IoT) describes a network of “things” physical objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies in order to communicate and share data over the Internet with other devices and systems. IoT is a network in which, through network devices or routers and data exchange, all physical objects such as mechanical and digital machines, interrelated computing devices, animals, or humans are linked to the internet. Such devices vary from ordinary household items to specialized industrial instruments. Experts expect this number to rise to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025, with more than 7 billion linked IoT devices today.

IoT makes it possible to remotely control artifacts through the current network infrastructure; it also allows for autonomous system control. Over the past few years, the IoT has been one of the most significant 21st-century inventions. Now that we can connect kitchen appliances, vehicles, thermostats, baby monitors to the internet through embedded devices with everyday items, seamless communication between people, processes, and stuff is possible. Due to the integration of various technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded devices, the concept of the Internet of things has evolved. The Internet of Things is made possible by traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others.

With minimal human interference, physical items can exchange and collect data through low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies. Digital systems can log, track, and change each interaction between connected things in this hyper-connected world. In the consumer market, IoT innovation is generally inseparable from items relating to the idea of the “smart home”, including gadgets and machines, (for example, lighting installations, indoor regulators, home security frameworks and cameras, and other home apparatuses) that help one or more normal biological systems, and can be controlled through gadgets related with that environment, for example, cell phones and keen speakers.

Kevin Ashton (a British technology pioneer) of Procter & Gamble, later MIT’s Auto-ID Center, coined the word “Internet of things” (IoT) in 1999, although he prefers the expression” Internet for things. He considered radio-frequency identification (RFID) at that stage as the key to the Internet of Things, allowing computers to handle all individual things.

Today, IoT and the possibilities of rising sales, reducing operating costs, and enhancing efficiencies inspire companies. From output flow tracking and remote equipment control to condition-based warnings and more, IoT affects every aspect of manufacturing. In order to minimize wastage, IoT-driven product flow management helps maximize material use. IoT gadget organizations give the information and bits of knowledge important to smooth out work processes, picture use designs, computerize measures, meet consistent prerequisites, and contend all the more viably in a changing business condition.

Healthcare IoT also allows connectivity from machine to machine, sharing of information, and interoperability to make healthcare delivery efficient. It can collect reports and analyze data in real-time, thus reducing the need for raw data to be processed. The fourth wave of the industrial revolution is often referred to as IoT, or Industry 4.0. The following are some common uses for IoT:

• Smart manufacturing
• Preventive and predictive maintenance
• Smart power grids
• Smart cities
• Connected and smart logistics
• Smart digital supply chains

Logistics can be converted from IoT to output to delivery. IoT also significantly helps the unit and weapon system. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification System) is an automated technology that allows artifacts and metadata to be recognized by computers. When connecting RFID to the internet terminal, readers can, if necessary, automatically recognize, track, and monitor attached objects in real-time; this uses IoT. With cloud-based IoT applications, business clients can rapidly improve existing cycles for gracefully chains, client care, HR, and money related administrations. There’s no compelling reason to reproduce whole business measures.

It’s the latest revolution; it is assumed that IoT would alter the way people connect, work, and live. In recent years, the IoT’s most significant development has been the exponential growth of Internet-connected and regulated devices. The wide scopes of utilizations for IoT innovation imply that the particulars can be altogether different starting with one gadget then onto the next yet there are fundamental qualities shared by most. Beginning from home apparatuses to huge modern hardware, all that will be savvy. IoT is the up and coming age of innovation.

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Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) | Set 1

What is iot:.

    IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced levels of services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are just a very few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established. 

IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to the Internet, as of now. In the near future, this number is expected to rise to a whopping 20 billion. 

 Main components used in IoT: 

• Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high performance are the inverse factors that play a significant role during the design of electronic systems. 
• Sensors: Sensors are the major part of any IoT application. It is a physical device that measures and detects certain physical quantities and converts it into signal which can be provided as an input to processing or control unit for analysis purpose.

Different types of Sensors:

• Temperature Sensors
• Image Sensors
• Gyro Sensors
• Obstacle Sensors
• MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor
• Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
• Control Units: It is a unit of small computer on a single integrated circuit containing microprocessor or processing core, memory and programmable input/output devices/peripherals. It is responsible for major processing work of IoT devices and all logical operations are carried out here.
• Cloud computing: Data collected through IoT devices is massive, and this data has to be stored on a reliable storage server. This is where cloud computing comes into play. The data is processed and learned, giving more room for us to discover where things like electrical faults/errors are within the system. 
• Availability of big data: We know that IoT relies heavily on sensors, especially in real-time. As these electronic devices spread throughout every field, their usage is going to trigger a massive flux of big data. 
• Networking connection: In order to communicate, internet connectivity is a must, where each physical object is represented by an IP address. However, there are only a limited number of addresses available according to the IP naming. Due to the growing number of devices, this naming system will not be feasible anymore. Therefore, researchers are looking for another alternative naming system to represent each physical object.

There are two ways of building IoT:  

• Form a separate internet work including only physical objects.   
• Make the Internet ever more expansive, but this requires hard-core technologies such as rigorous cloud computing and rapid big data storage (expensive).

In the near future, IoT will become broader and more complex in terms of scope. It will change the world in terms of   

“anytime, anyplace, anything in connectivity.”

  IoT Enablers:

• RFIDs: uses radio waves in order to electronically track the tags attached to each physical object.
• Sensors: devices that are able to detect changes in an environment (ex: motion detectors).
• Nanotechnology: as the name suggests, these are tiny devices with dimensions usually less than a hundred nanometers.
• Smart networks: (ex: mesh topology).   

Working with IoT Devices:

• Collect and Transmit Data : For this purpose sensors are widely used they are used as per requirements in different application areas.
• Actuate device based on triggers produced by sensors or processing devices: If certain conditions are satisfied or according to user’s requirements if certain trigger is activated then which action to perform that is shown by Actuator devices. 
• Receive Information : From network devices, users or devices can take certain information also for their analysis and processing purposes .
• Communication Assistance: Communication assistance is the phenomenon of communication between 2 networks or communication between 2 or more IoT devices of same or different networks. This can be achieved by different communication protocols like: MQTT, Constrained Application Protocol, ZigBee, FTP, HTTP etc.

Working of IoT

Characteristics of IoT:  

• Massively scalable and efficient
• IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
• An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is made possible.
• Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be automatically programmed to sleep.
• A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in another instant of time.
• Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when not in use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable and thus prove to be inefficient.

Desired Quality of any IoT Application: Interconnectivity It is the basic first requirement in any IoT infrastructure. Connectivity should be guaranteed from any devices on any network then only devices in a network can communicate with each other. Heterogeneity There can be diversity in IoT enabled devices like different hardware and software configuration or different network topologies or connections, but they should connect and interact with each other despite so much heterogeneity. Dynamic in nature IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing surroundings like different situations and different prefaces. Self-adapting and self configuring technology For example, surveillance camera. It should be flexible to work in different weather conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon, or night). Intelligence Just data collection is not enough in IoT, extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example, sensors generate data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly. So intelligence is one of the key characteristics in IoT. Because data interpretation is the major part in any IoT application because without data processing we can’t make any insights from data. Hence, big data is also one of the most enabling technologies in IoT field. Scalability The number of elements (devices) connected to IoT zones is increasing day by day. Therefore, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the expansion. It can be either expand capability in terms of processing power, storage, etc. as vertical scaling or horizontal scaling by multiplying with easy cloning. Identity Each IoT device has a unique identity (e.g., an IP address). This identity is helpful in communication, tracking and to know status of the things. If there is no identification then it will directly affect security and safety of any system because without discrimination we can’t identify with whom one network is connected or with whom we have to communicate. So there should be clear and appropriate discrimination technology available between IoT networks and devices. Safety Sensitive personal details of a user might be compromised when the devices are connected to the Internet. So data security is a major challenge. This could cause a loss to the user. Equipment in the huge IoT network may also be at risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical. Architecture It should be hybrid, supporting different manufacturer’s products to function in the IoT network.

As a quick note, IoT incorporates trillions of sensors, billions of smart systems, and millions of applications. 

Application Domains: IoT is currently found in four different popular domains: 

Modern Applications:  

• Smart Grids and energy saving
• Smart cities
• Smart homes/Home automation
• Earthquake detection
• Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
• Smartphone detection
• Water flow monitoring
• Traffic monitoring
• Smart door lock protection system
• Robots and Drones
• Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
• Biochip Transponders (For animals in farms)
• Heart monitoring implants (Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)

Advantages of IoT:

• Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
• Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
• Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
• Greater ability to gather and analyze data.
• Improved decision-making.
• Cost savings.

Disadvantages of IoT:

• Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
• Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
• Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
• Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
• Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
• High initial investment costs.
• Limited battery life on some devices.
• Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
• Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead to confusion and uncertainty.

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An Introduction to the Internet of Things

Introduction.

During the last few years, Internet of Things (IoT) devices have started becoming a more and more important component in our daily lives. Some common applications for IoT devices are:

• Smart Home (eg. smart lamps)
• Wearables (eg. smart-watches)
• Autonomous vehicles
• Smart cities
• Smart Retail

According to Wikipedia, IoT devices are defined as:

"The Internet of things ( IoT ) is the extension of Internet connectivity into physical devices and everyday objects. Embedded with electronics, Internet connectivity, and other forms of hardware (such as sensors), these devices can communicate and interact with others over the Internet, and they can be remotely monitored and controlled "                                                                                                        –   Wikipedia [1]

One of the most interesting characteristics of IoT devices is that they are able to produce large amounts of data. This can be particularly used in applications such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.

Most of IoT devices can produce in fact a great variety of Time Series data which are of huge interest in Artificial Intelligence.

According to a study carried out by Global Data , the IoT market is projected to reach $318bn new worth by 2023 (in constantly rise compared to the previous years).

These projections are confirmed by the increased interest of companies such as Google and Microsoft to invest in IoT cloud platforms.

How do IoT devices work?

An IoT system is compromised of four main components:

• Sensors: enables the devices to collect data from the environment surrounding the device (eg. velocity, GPS coordinates, temperature, etc...).
• Connectivity: successively the data collected is sent to the cloud (through either WiFi or Bluetooth connection).
• Data Processing: once the data is received by the cloud infrastructure, it can then be processed (eg. check if the data received adhere to the requirements and if its not alert the user).
• User Interface: Once the data is processed, the results are then given to the and user.

As a simple workflow example, let's consider a security system in a house.

Our IoT device will check if there are any intruders in our house using a Computer Vision system ( Sensors ). The video recordings of the house are then sent to the cloud to see if there are any intruders or not ( Connectivity ). Successively, the data is processed in the cloud ( Data Processing ) and if some intruders are detected we get alerted ( User Interface ).

An IoT system could be able to alert us in many different ways (eg. phone call/message or App notification) and in some cases we could be able to control remotely the system itself (eg. lock the house doors).

Internet of Things cloud platforms

I will now introduce you to some of the most interesting IoT cloud platforms which can be used for analysing and controlling IoT devices.

Google Cloud Internet of Things

Google Cloud is currently one of the main Cloud solutions provider on the market. Some of the packages offered by Google Cloud for IoT implementations are:

• Cloud IoT Core: is used to set up the device(s) and establish a secure connection between them.
• Cloud Machine Learning Engine: it allows users to create Machine Learning models from the data gathered by the IoT devices in order to increase and monitor performances.
• Cloud Pub/Sub: provides real time analytics of the IoT devices.

Azure Internet of Things

Microsoft Azure is another really important cloud services provider. Azure is able to deliver both pre-customized and fully customizable solutions. In this way, Azure is able to provide solutions for both beginners and experts in IoT. Microsoft Azure enables to easily scale IoT systems to include devices from different manufacturers and also provides analytics and Machine Learning services support.

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

AWS is one of the most popular solution for cloud based services. AWS can enable to perform IoT projects from end to end and making use of the four following packages:

• AWS IoT Core: is the basic package which can be used to set up IoT devices. Using IoT Core we can integrate different devices to communicate each other over a secured connection making possible to exchange data through cloud storage.
• AWS IoT Analytics: is used to process and analyse all the data produced by IoT devices. Once all the data is stored using a semi-structured format (eg. JSON, CSV) it can be then used for Machine Learning purposes (eg. monitor and optimise the interaction between IoT devices).
• AWS IoT Device Defender: is used to construct and personalise the security mechanisms of IoT devices (such as choosing device authentication and data encryption).
• AWS IoT Device Management: enables to easily integrate new IoT devices to an environment and monitor/update their functionalities.

Internet of Things devices are definitely going to play a really important role in future technology advancements. Although there are still the same issues that have to be addressed. In fact, one of the main concerns about IoT devices can be cyber-security.

Because most IoT devices make use of a cloud centre to store their data and to collect useful information from the internet, that makes them vulnerable from Hackers attacks (creating a single point of failure).

In order to resolve this problem, could be either possible to increase the encryption standards (slowing down the transfer of data) or makes use of Artificial Intelligence security powered techniques such as Differential Privacy and Federated Learning .

In case a Hacker would be able to access control of an IoT device (or an entire group) there would be two main risks associated with it:

• The Hacker would be able to access and steal sensitive data of the IoT device users.
• The Hacker could be able to take remote control of the device itself.

In addition to the cloud services provided before, also the following ones can be considered a valid alternative: SAP , Oracle Internet of Things , Cisco IoT Cloud Connect , IBM Watson Internet of Things , etc...

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Bibliography

[1] Wikipedia, Internet of Things. Accessed at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things

[2] Global IoT market to reach $318 billion by 2023, says GlobalData. Michelle Froese, Windpower Engineering & Development. Accessed at: https://www.windpowerengineering.com/business-news-projects/global-iot-market-to-reach-318-billion-by-2023-says-globaldata/

[3] Anni Junnila, HOW IOT WORKS – SUMMARY – TRACKINNO BLOG. Accessed at: https://trackinno.com/2018/08/09/how-iot-works-part-4-user-interface/how-iot-works-summary-001/

[4] Overview of the best IOT platforms. Tips for selecting the right cloud solution in 2019. Anna Davydova, Edsson. Accessed at: https://www.edsson.com/en/blog/article?id=iot-platforms

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Course Name: Introduction to Internet of Things

• About Course
• Certificate Type
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Course abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) is presently a hot technology worldwide. Government, academia, and industry are involved in different aspects of research, implementation, and business with IoT. IoT cuts across different application domain verticals ranging from civilian to defence sectors. These domains include agriculture, space, healthcare, manufacturing, construction, water, and mining, which are presently transitioning their legacy infrastructure to support IoT. Today it is possible to envision pervasive connectivity, storage, and computation, which, in turn, gives rise to building different IoT solutions. IoT-based applications such as innovative shopping system, infrastructure management in both urban and rural areas, remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems, and transportation systems, are gradually relying on IoT based systems. Therefore, it is very important to learn the fundamentals of this emerging technology.

Course Instructor

Prof. Sudip Misra

Teaching assistant(s),  course duration : jul-oct 2021,   view course,  syllabus,  enrollment : 20-may-2021 to 02-aug-2021,  exam registration : 17-jun-2021 to 17-sep-2021,  exam date : 24-oct-2021,   course statistics will be published shortly, certificate eligible, certified category count, successfully completed, participation.

Category : Successfully Completed

Category : Elite

Category : Silver

Category : Gold

Final score calculation logic.

• Assignment Score = Average of best 8 out of 12 assignments.
• Final Score(Score on Certificate)= 75% of Exam Score + 25% of Assignment Score Note:We have taken best assignment score from July 2020,jan 2021 and July 2021 courses

RUPAK RAVI 91%

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI

PRANAV MENON 87%

Enphase Energy Pvt. Ltd.

SAKTHIPRIYA GOVINDARAJ 81%

SONA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

S VIJAYA LAKSHMI 81%

SRUJAN GOWDA S J 79%

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

ALPHIN ROY 79%

MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MUDITA CHANDRA 79%

Department of Telecommunications

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SEEMA B HEGDE 78%

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,TIRUPATI

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College of engineering, Anna University, chennai

THAANISH AHAMED K K 75%

College of Engineering, Guindy

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Steel Authority of India Limited

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College of Engineering, Adoor

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC FOR GIRLS, AHMEDABAD

DHANUSH PRABHU S 73%

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KARTHICK R 73%

College of Engineering Guindy

SUBRAMANIASIVA 73%

NEIL GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ABDUL QAYUM 73%

Department of Physics & Electronics, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Ayodhya(Faizabad)

SRIDEVI R 73%

MANIKANDAN G 73%

ST.JOSEPH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI

BORRA SRI HARSHITHA 73%

R.V.R. & J.C. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DR RACHANA P 73%

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MUTHAMSETTY RITVIK VENKAT SAI 73%

S.R.M. INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SANGAMITHRAA R 73%

KPR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SATYASHEEL SRIVASTAVA 73%

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VIGNAN`S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

KAJARI SUR 73%

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MADHURASHREE M 73%

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ANISHA ROY 72%

DR. B. C. ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,ROORKEE

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DR M N SUDHA 72%

INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY

P S SUREKHA 72%

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

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DR. MAHALINGAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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KARPAGAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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KOSARAJU PRATHYUSHA 72%

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SATHISHKUMAR S 71%

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MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ANJALY JAYARAJ 71%

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ARANMULA

KHUSHI PATEL 71%

ABES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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ABHILASH SHREEDHAR HEGDE 71%

AKSHANTULA NEHA 71%

ANIRBAN GHOSH 71%

WEST BENGAL STATE UNIVERSITY

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING, KANCHEEPURAM

SUBHAM SARKAR 71%

MUNISH SACHDEVA 71%

I.K.G Punjab Technical University

THE NORTHCAP UNIVERSITY

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AASITHA VENKATA LAKSHMI SANAGAPALLI 71%

VIGNANS FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH

KIRRUTHICK E 70%

College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University

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Total enrollment: 24034, registration statistics, total registration : 5303, assignment statistics, score distribution graph - legend, assignment score: distribution of average scores garnered by students per assignment., exam score : distribution of the final exam score of students., final score : distribution of the combined score of assignments and final exam, based on the score logic..

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An Introduction to Programming the Internet of Things (IOT) Specialization

Create Your Own Internet of Things (IoT) Device. Design and create a simple IoT device in just six courses.

Taught in English

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Instructor: Ian Harris

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Specialization - 6 course series

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Skills you'll gain

• Python Programming
• Internet Of Things (IOT)
• Raspberry Pi

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Design, create, and deploy a fun IoT device using Arduino and Raspberry Pi platforms.

This Specialization covers embedded systems, the Raspberry Pi Platform, and the Arduino environment for building devices that can control the physical world. In the final Capstone Project, you’ll apply the skills you learned by designing, building, and testing a microcontroller-based embedded system, producing a unique final project suitable for showcasing to future employers. Please note that this specialization does not offer discussion forums.

Introduction to the Internet of Things and Embedded Systems

What you'll learn.

The explosive growth of the “Internet of Things” is changing our world and the rapid drop in price for typical IoT components is allowing people to innovate new designs and products at home. In this first class in the specialization you will learn the importance of IoT in society, the current components of typical IoT devices and trends for the future. IoT design considerations, constraints and interfacing between the physical world and your device will also be covered. You will also learn how to make design trade-offs between hardware and software. We'll also cover key components of networking to ensure that students understand how to connect their device to the Internet. Please note that this course does not include discussion forums.

Upon completing this course, you will be able to: 1. Define the term “Internet of Things” 2. State the technological trends which have led to IoT 3. Describe the impact of IoT on society 4. Define what an embedded system is in terms of its interface 5. Enumerate and describe the components of an embedded system 6. Describe the interactions of embedded systems with the physical world 7. Name the core hardware components most commonly used in IoT devices 8. Describe the interaction between software and hardware in an IoT device 9. Describe the role of an operating system to support software in an IoT device 10. Explain the use of networking and basic networking hardware 11. Describe the structure of the Internet 12. Describe the meaning of a “network protocol” 13. Explain MANETs and their relation to IoT

The Arduino Platform and C Programming

The Arduino is an open-source computer hardware/software platform for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world around them. In this class you will learn how the Arduino platform works in terms of the physical board and libraries and the IDE (integrated development environment). You will also learn about shields, which are smaller boards that plug into the main Arduino board to perform other functions such as sensing light, heat, GPS tracking, or providing a user interface display. The course will also cover programming the Arduino using C code and accessing the pins on the board via the software to control external devices. Please note that this course does not include discussion forums.

Upon completing this course, you will be able to: 1. Outline the composition of the Arduino development board 2. Describe what it means to program the board's firmware 3. Read board schematics 4. Install Arduino IDE 5. Describe what "shields" are and how they are used 6. Specify the role of libraries in the use of shields 7. Compile and run a program 8. Name C Variables and Types 9. Name common C operators 10. Use conditionals and loops 11. Explain functions, their definition and invocation 12. Explain the implications of global variables 13. Undertake the Arduino build process 14. Describe the role of the tools behind the IDE 15. Describe how to invoke functions in classes 16. Explain the structure of an Arduino sketch 17. Access the pins of the Arduino 18. Differentiate between digital and analog pin 19. Debug embedded software 20. Explain the importance of controllability and observability in the debugging process 21. Describe common debugging architectures for embedded systems 22. Explain how the UART Serial communication protocol works 23. Describe how the Arduino Serial library performs serial communication

Interfacing with the Arduino

Arduino senses the environment by receiving inputs from add-on devices such as sensors, and can control the world around it by adjusting lights, motors, and other actuators. In this class you will learn how and when to use the different types of sensors and how to connect them to the Arduino. Since the external world uses continuous or analog signals and the hardware is digital you will learn how these signals are converted back-and-forth and how this must be considered as you program your device. You'll also learn about the use of Arduino-specific shields and the shields software libraries to interface with the real world. Please note that this course does not include discussion forums.

The Raspberry Pi Platform and Python Programming for the Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a small, affordable single-board computer that you will use to design and develop fun and practical IoT devices while learning programming and computer hardware. In addition, you will learn how to set up up the Raspberry Pi environment, get a Linux operating system running, and write and execute some basic Python code on the Raspberry Pi. You will also learn how to use Python-based IDE (integrated development environments) for the Raspberry Pi and how to trace and debug Python code on the device. Please note that this course does not include discussion forums.

Interfacing with the Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi uses a variety of input/output devices based on protocols such as HDMI, USB, and Ethernet to communicate with the outside world. In this class you will learn how to use these protocols with other external devices (sensors, motors, GPS, orientation, LCD screens etc.) to get your IoT device to interact with the real world. Most physical devices use analog signals; however computer hardware is digital so in this class you will learn how these signals are converted back-and-forth and how this must be considered as you program your device. The basic design of a sensor-actuator system will also be covered. You will also learn how to build more sophisticated hardware systems using Raspberry Pi expansion boards to create fun and exciting IoT devices. Please note that this course does not include discussion forums.

Programming for the Internet of Things Project

In this Capstone course, you will design a microcontroller-based embedded system. As an option, you can also build and test a system. The focus of your project will be to design the system so that it can be built on a low-cost budget for a real-world application. To complete this project you'll need to use all the skills you've learned in the course (programming microcontrollers, system design, interfacing, etc.). The project will include some core requirements, but leave room for your creativity in how you approach the project. In the end, you will produce a unique final project, suitable for showcasing to future potential employers.

Note that for the three required assignments you do NOT need to purchase software and hardware to complete this course. There is an optional fourth assignment for students who wish to build and demonstrate their system using an Arduino or Raspberry Pi. Please also note that this course does not include discussion forums. Upon completing this course, you will be able to: 1. Write a requirements specification document 2. Create a system-level design 3. Explore design options 4. Create a test plan

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Frequently asked questions

How long does it take to complete the an introduction to programming the internet of things (iot) specialization.

Time to completion can vary based on your schedule, but most learners are able to complete the Specialization in six months.

How often is each course in the Specialization offered?

Each course in the Specialization is offered on a regular schedule, with sessions starting about once per month. If you don't complete a course on the first try, you can easily transfer to the next session, and your completed work and grades will carry over.

What background knowledge is necessary?

None! This is an introductory program and has no specific prerequisites. An interest in computer hardware, software, and the internet of things (IoT) is all that is required.

What are the payment options?

You can pay for the entire Specialization upfront, or pay individually for each course as you progress. Financial aid is available for learners who qualify.

Do I need to take the courses in a specific order?

We recommend taking the courses in the order presented, as each course will build on material from previous courses.

Will I earn university credit for completing the An Introduction to Programming the Internet of Things (IoT) Specialization?

Coursera courses and certificates don't carry university credit, though some universities may choose to accept Specialization Certificates for credit. Check with your institution to learn more.

What will I be able to do upon completing the An Introduction to Programming the Internet of Things (IoT) Specialization?

You’ll be able to design and create a simple IoT device while exploring different IoT technologies and their applications. Using both the Arduino and Raspberry Pi hardware systems, you’ll develop basic code using both the Python and C programming languages. Best of all you’ll have fun using new technologies that will be an ever-increasing part of our future.

Is this course really 100% online? Do I need to attend any classes in person?

This course is completely online, so there’s no need to show up to a classroom in person. You can access your lectures, readings and assignments anytime and anywhere via the web or your mobile device.

What is the refund policy?

If you subscribed, you get a 7-day free trial during which you can cancel at no penalty. After that, we don’t give refunds, but you can cancel your subscription at any time. See our full refund policy Opens in a new tab .

Can I just enroll in a single course?

Yes! To get started, click the course card that interests you and enroll. You can enroll and complete the course to earn a shareable certificate, or you can audit it to view the course materials for free. When you subscribe to a course that is part of a Specialization, you’re automatically subscribed to the full Specialization. Visit your learner dashboard to track your progress.

Is financial aid available?

Yes. In select learning programs, you can apply for financial aid or a scholarship if you can’t afford the enrollment fee. If fin aid or scholarship is available for your learning program selection, you’ll find a link to apply on the description page.

Can I take the course for free?

When you enroll in the course, you get access to all of the courses in the Specialization, and you earn a certificate when you complete the work. If you only want to read and view the course content, you can audit the course for free. If you cannot afford the fee, you can apply for financial aid Opens in a new tab .

Will I earn university credit for completing the Specialization?

This Specialization doesn't carry university credit, but some universities may choose to accept Specialization Certificates for credit. Check with your institution to learn more.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) Bundle (Assignments 1-2)

Last updated

10 March 2022

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The Internet of Things (IoT) Assignment 2: Design and Prototype (Pictures included)

The Internet of Things (IoT) Assignment 2: Design and Prototype

The Internet of Things (IoT) Assignment 1: Systems and Services

These are the two assignments that make up the Internet of Things (IoT) unit. The first assignment compares and evaluates how multiple different IoT devices are used to improve the quality of life and collect data. The devices used were Smart Speakers, Abilify MyCite. Smart TVs, Electronic Shelf Labels (ESLs) and Roombas.

The biggest challenge of the unit is the second assignment by far since it requires a lot of practical work and stressful deadlines. There are three stages to this assignment, and therefore three files. Stage one is designing your IoT device, although the type of device should be assigned to you to alleviate some of the pressure and you can always refer to tutors and fellow students for advice.

Prototyping is the second stage and it consists of building and programming your prototype, although from my experience the programming is the easiest part. The Raspberry Pi code is included in the .json below file and was developed using Node-Red. Design specifications are also included in the initial design document.

The final stage is having your device tested by a tutor against a set of criteria that should have been made clear at the beginning of the process. However, criteria will vary depending on the tutor and device type. That criteria is included in both the design document and the testing documentation. These were awarded a distinction grade.

JSON FILE: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FIEhhfrfUKlWsbE0AEcwG7OhDACgl36k/view?usp=sharing

Image Credit: Computer World https://www.computerworld.com/article/3444199/iot-dangers-demand-a-dedicated-group.html

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75+ Innovative IoT Project Ideas for Students

Table of Contents

In recent times, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT) have completely changed the way we interact with technology and the outside world. Particularly, in the exciting age of technological revolution, IoT plays a vital role in the development of useful applications and devices for a variety of industries such as healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and so on. If you are a techie who would like to update your knowledge of the Internet of Things, then work on some interesting IoT project ideas. Developing IoT projects will help you gain practical experience, develop technical skills, build creativity, and improve your understanding of the subject.

In case, you are unsure what topic to choose for your IoT project, take a look at this blog post. Here, we have shared a list of 75+ innovative IoT project ideas for students of all knowledge levels such as beginners, intermediate, and advanced. Note that, students who are pursuing their degree in courses such as computer science, IT, artificial intelligence engineering, and its allied subjects can use the list of IoT project topics suggested in this blog for their final year assignments or research projects.

What is IoT?

IoT stands for Internet of Things. In simple terms, IoT refers to a network of interconnected devices or things that can interact and share data with each other or with humans over the internet. Particularly, here, the interconnected devices, buildings, vehicles, or objects will be embedded with network connectivity, software, actuators, and sensors for data collection from surroundings, data communication, and making decisions and performing actions in accordance with the received information.

Typically, IoT devices range from simple objects in the household such as smart lighting systems and thermostats to complex machines in large industries. Some of the significant benefits of building IoT devices or systems across various sectors are listed below.

• Increases productivity and efficiency
• Leads to cost savings by optimizing the usage of energy, minimizing downtime, and reducing maintenance charges
• Enhances safety and security
• Improves customer experience
• Enables remote monitoring and control of systems and devices
• Contributes to environmental sustainability
• Solves real-world issues

Why is it Important to Work on IoT Projects?

Working on IoT projects will not only improve your skills but will also help you to enhance your portfolio. Especially, if you finish your IoT projects successfully, then you will get increased chances of getting hired by top companies. In addition to that, building IoT projects is also important for several other reasons. Note that, by developing IoT projects, one can

• Improve theoretical knowledge
• Increase practical skills and hands-on experience
• Develop real-world problem-solving skills
• Build coding skills
• Get excellent career opportunities in the software development field.

Also Recommend: Interesting DBMS Project Ideas for Students

Skills Required for Doing IoT Projects

Developing an IoT project is not so easy. One must possess certain basic skills and knowledge of the following to work on an IoT project.

• Programming Languages such as C, C++, Java, Python, JavaScript, and MySQL
• Server Languages
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
• Cloud computing
• UI/UX centric designing
• Information Security

Tips for Choosing a Good IoT Project Idea

To do a project, an excellent topic or idea is needed the most. If you are confused about how to select the right topic for your IoT project, simply stick to the following tips.

• Always choose a topic that aligns with your interest.
• Pick a topic that allows you to showcase your creativity, skills, and knowledge.
• Give preference to an innovative idea that can be handled with IoT technology.
• Choose an idea related to a real-world problem.
• The topic you select should allow you to generate potential solutions with the IoT.

List of Interesting IoT Project Ideas

In this section, we have listed some amazing IoT project ideas suitable for various industries. Feel free to explore the entire list carefully and select any idea that you feel is perfect for you to develop an IoT project.

Best IoT Project Ideas

• Build a smart doorbell that sends a notification to a smartphone when someone rings a bell.
• Create a plant watering system based on soil moisture levels to improve optimal hydration.
• Develop a smart device to track and display real-time energy consumption in the home.
• Build a system to open and close garage doors using a smartphone.
• Develop a weather monitoring system.
• Build an automated irrigation system that adjusts the watering schedules depending on plant needs and weather conditions.
• Develop a wearable device that monitors heart rate, sleep patterns, and blood pressure.
• Construct a voice-controlled home automation system.
• Create an indoor air quality monitoring device.
• Develop a smart home security system.
• Build a smart waste management system to monitor trash levels in dustbins and optimize waste collection routes.
• Device Smart parking solution.
• Design a voice-controlled virtual assistant.
• Build an automated garden irrigation system.
• Develop an energy-efficient smart lighting system.

Interesting IoT Project Topics

• Build an autonomous drone.
• Design a system using IoT sensors and data analytics to optimize the traffic flow.
• Develop drones with sensors and cameras for precision agriculture and crop monitoring.
• Construct industrial IoT devices for predictive maintenance.
• Construct an environmental monitory system.
• Derive smart retail solutions.
• Build an IoT-enabled asset-tracking system.
• Create a smart street lighting system.
• Generate smart classroom solutions.
• Build an automated system for fleet management and logistics.
• Build an IoT-enabled smart mirror.
• Develop an intelligent building management system.
• Build a smart home entertainment system.
• Develop an IoT-based food safety monitoring system.
• Create an IoT-enabled elderly care solution.

Also Recommend: Web Development Project Ideas to Update Your Skills

Amazing IoT Projects

• Build a smart hospital management system.
• Work on industrial automation and robotics.
• Develop an IoT-based inventory management system.
• Work on connected fire safety solutions.
• Build an IoT-based emergency response system.
• Create an intelligent street signage system.
• Develop smart home appliances.
• Build an IoT-based livestock monitoring system.
• Develop a connected air conditioning system.
• Create a smart transportation solution.
• Build a smart pet care system.
• Develop a smart pharmaceutical storage system.
• Build a face recognition system.
• Create a smart alarm clock.
• Develop a smart cradle system.

Outstanding Internet of Things Project Ideas

• Build a smart gas leakage detector.
• Develop a smart anti-theft system.
• Construct a liquid-level monitoring system.
• Build a night patrol robot.
• Create a smart flood detection system.
• Make a mining worker safety helmet.
• Construct a virtual doctor robot.
• Build a forest fire alarm system.
• Develop a smart humidity monitoring system.
• Build a smart grid system.
• Develop an IoT-based water quality management system.
• Build a smart umbrella system
• Construct a baby monitoring system.
• Develop an IoT-based family monitoring robot.
• Build a smart attendance system.

Trending IoT Project Ideas

• Create an IoT-based syringe infusion pump.
• Develop an IV bag monitoring and alert system.
• Construct a mountain climber health and GPS tracker.
• Build a social distancing and monitoring Robot.
• Develop a manhole detection and monitoring system.
• Build an IoT-based three-phase power failure monitoring system.
• Develop a dog daycare robot.
• Build a 360-degree aerial surveillance UAV with an IoT camera.
• Create a temperature and mask scan entry system.
• Build an IoT-based vehicle accident detection and rescue system.

Also Recommend: Innovative Frontend Project Ideas for Students

Excellent IoT Project Topics

• Build a Greenhouse monitoring and control system.
• Create an early flood detection system.
• Develop an IoT-based heart monitoring system using ECG.
• Construct an IoT circuit breaker.
• Build a color-based product sorting machine.
• Develop a biometric attendance system.
• Construct a health monitoring system.
• Build a toll-booth manager system.
• Develop an IoT-based antenna positioning system.
• Construct an alcohol monitoring system.
• Build an IoT-based heart attack detector.
• Develop an industry automation system.
• Build an IoT-based ICU patient monitoring system.
• Develop a prison break monitoring system.
• Build women safety night patrolling IoT robot.

Wrapping Up

From the list of 75+ innovative IoT project topic ideas recommended above, choose any topic of your choice and develop a successful project. In case, you need any other unique IoT project topics or if you need high-quality IoT project help from an expert, call us immediately. On our platform, we have numerous IoT application developers and artificial intelligence assignment helpers to provide assistance for you in finishing your IoT project on time as per your needs, starting from idea selection to project completion. Also, note that the solutions that our IoT assignment helpers provide will be original, flawless, and accurate.

Instead of pressurizing yourself, simply take our Internet of Things assignment help service online at a budget-friendly price and enjoy all the advantages it provides.

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IoT SmartCity : Internet of Things Assignment

Task: Choose one of the topics given below and submit a research project, which should not exceed 4000 words. The help file is available in the Student Resources Folder on Interact2.

Topics to select from but not limited to:

• IoT Smart City
• IoT Mining Industry
• IoT Health Care
• IoT in Farming
• IoT for Independent Living of the Older Generation
• IoT for Reducing Food Wastage in Australia
• IoT in Finance Industry and Security Challenges
• Business Intelligence in IoT
• Future of the Fog Domain
• IoT and Data Analytics
• IoT in Intelligent Transport Systems
• Big Data challenges in IoT and Cloud
• Machine Learning for Intelligent Decision Making in IoT
• Common Currency for IoT
• Utilising block chain technology in IoT

If you think of any other related topics please talk to your lecturer before deciding.

1. Analyse the Task (Milestone 1: Should be completed by 11 Aug 18)

Analyse what is expected of you. This includes careful reading of the assignment task as specified in the Subject Outline. The executive summary of the research project is to be written as an Abstract. For Analysis:

• What is the purpose of this report?
• What is the topic you have chosen for your report? (The topic can be one specified as above, but you can come up with new ideas and topics of your choice in IoT)
• What is the expected format of the report? (Refer to the format on Interact2 resources: Assignment 3 Help file).
• Come up with a Problem Statement based on your topic, note it down and discuss it with your lecturer.
• Write a small executive summary as an abstract

Abstract: In today's world, most of the population lives in cities, due to which IoT Smart city is especially generated in the city. It is spread all over the world as it promises people to provide with various useful technology as well as systems that will give them better services and improve their standard of living. It will put a great impact in the future as it will provide with a better platform for the IT professionals. This Internet of things assignment will discuss the purpose of the report of what is expected from this research. It will introduce the concept of IoT Smart city as of how it will provide the citizen with better technologies and systems which will help them to interact with the people. The main aim of this Internet of Things assignment is to focus on the problems faced by the IoT smart city in building their technologies across the world.

Introduction: This Internet of Things assignment will analyze the importance of IoT Smart city, IoT (Internet of things) and Smart city, it mainly focuses on the concept of IoT in the smart city, the purpose of IoT, what is expected from IoT Smart City as well as the problem faced due to IoT Smart City to the environment.

Analysis: The purpose of this Internet of Things assignment is to cover the entire area of the study and the research design should be convenient to understand. The significant purpose of the research paper is to provide with the outline, brief as well as the basic idea about the topic to the instructor. It also aims to describe the problems or challenges faced.

The topic chosen for this Internet of Things assignment is IoT Smart City, it is an application that enables smart city throughout the world. It provides to integrate the sensors as well as monitoring various devices via a network, especially an internet, in order to provide better services as well as getting better opportunities to interact with the citizens (Latre et al., 2016).

The smart city is known to be the wired, the networked or a ubiquitous city which is grabbing attention across the world that promises of developing the technology for the economic growth of the city as well as its management. But there are various problems as well as challenges to be faced by the smart city, such as it requires smart citizen who ill energetically participate in governance as well as reforms (Monzon, 2015). The very first problem related to this IOT assignment is power, without the wireless power smart city will be seen to be a sci-fi kind of fantasy for the citizens. Another question arises when discussing the problem of the smart city is: What is deserved in a human habitat? This means that we could easily form a dystopia as same as utopia. Problem-based on Re-designing our environment that assures people that if the city is natural, the smart city will be supernatural is also a big challenge for developing smart city (Wiig, 2015). Without overcoming these challenges of IoT Smart City it will always remain a dream for the people as well as for the founders of IoT Smart City.

References Latre, S., Leroux, P., Coenen, T., Braem, B., Ballon, P., & Demeester, P. (2016, September). City of things: An integrated and multi-technology testbed for IoT smart city experiments. In Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), 2016 IEEE International (pp. 1-8). IEEE.

Monzon, A. (2015, May). Smart cities concept and challenges: Bases for the assessment of smart city projects. In Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 1-11). IEEE.

Wiig, A. (2015). IBM's smart city as techno-utopian policy mobility. City, 19(2-3), 258-273.

CHECK THE PRICE FOR YOUR PROJECT

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[Week 3] NPTEL Introduction To Internet Of Things Assignment Answers 2023

NPTEL Introduction To Internet Of Things Assignment 1 Answers

Table of Contents:-

NPTEL Introduction To Internet Of Things Week 3 Assignment Answers 2023

1. State whether the following statement is true or fal s e. Statement: Wired HART lacks a network layer. a. Tru e b. False

2. The HART physical layer is derived from _ protocol and operates only in _ __ GHz ISM band. a. IEEE 802.15.4, 2.4 b. IEEE 802.15.4, 4.8 c. IEEE 802.16.5, 4 . 8 d. None of these

3. State whether the following statement is True or False Statement: Super-frames in HART consist of grouped 2 0 ms wide timeslots. a. True b. False

4. _____ identifies channels consistently affe ct ed by interference and removes them from use. a. Channel hopping b. Channel aggregating c. Channel blacklisting d. Frequency aggregating

5. The _____ supervises each node in t h e network and guides them on when and where to send packets. a. Application manager b. Network manager c. Trust manager d. None of these

6. NFC is designed for use by devices within _ to each other? a. Close proximity b. No near conta c t c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these

7. _____ __ contain in fo rmation which is readable by other devices, however it cannot read information itself. a. Active NFC devices b. Dumb NFC devices c. Passive NFC devices d. None of these

8. NFC devices work on the p r inciple of _______ ? a. Magnetic introduction b. Magnetic induction c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these

9. Which of these is NOT a m ode of operation NFC? a. Server-to-Server b. Peer-to-Peer c. Read/Write d. Card emulation

10. State whether the following statement is true or false Statement: Paging in Bluetooth is the process of form i ng a connection between two Bluetooth devices. a. True b. False

11. There are __ modes of operation in Blu e tooth. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. None of these

12. Zwave uses __ for signaling and cont r ol? a. Light b. RF c. Sound d. None of these

13. Which of the following is/are not a const r aint on sensor nodes? a. Must consume high power b. Not be adaptive to the environment c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these

14. _____ _ are simply those that are unable to perform an o p eration; this could be because of power failure and environmental events. a. Normal nodes b. Failed nodes c. Badly failed nodes d. None of these

15. Dumb behavior of sensor nodes is ___ in nature (as it is dependent on t h e effects of the environmental conditions). a. Temporal b. Spatial c. Both (a) a n d (b) d. None of these

NPTEL Introduction To Internet Of Things Week 2 Assignment Answers 2023

1. The full form of MQTT is a. Message Queue Telemetry Transport b. Message Query Telemetry Tran s port c. Message Queue Telemedicine Transport d. None of these

2. I n MQTT, a ________________ controls the publish-subscribe messaging pattern. a. Publishers b. Message Broker c. Subscribers d. All of these

3. Which of the follow i ng i s NOT a component of MQTT? a. Publishers b. Users c. Brokers d. None of these

4. ______________ is an extension of MQTT which uses lightwei g ht attribute based encryption. It has ___________ main stages. a. SMQTT, three b. BMQTT, three c. SMQTT, f o ur d. None of these

5. Which of the following is based o n Request-Response m odel between end-points? a. MQTT b. CoAP c. Both (a) and (b) d. Neither (a) nor (b)

6. The two sub-layers of CoAP are – a. Messaging and Hol d ing b. Messaging and B a ckoff c. Messaging and Teardown d. Messaging and Request/response

7. Which of the following is used for real-time e xchange of structured data? a. MQTT b. SMQTT c. X MPP d. CoAP

8. XMPP uses the _ _ ______________ architecture. a. Publish-subscribe b. Client-serverc. Both (a ) and (b) d. Neither (a) nor (b)

9. With respect to AMQP, which of the follo w ing message delivery guarantees allow for each message to be delivered certainly as well as to be delivered multiple times. a. At-least-once b. At-most-once c. Exactly-on c e d. Both (a) and (b)

10. Which of the following is/are NOT an AMQP frame type? a. Open b. Close c. End d. None of these

11. Which of the following is/are NOT t h e function/functions of the Bindings component of the AMQP protocol? a. Receives messages and routes them to queues b. Separate queues for separate business process c. Consumer receive messages from queues d. All of these

12. Which of the following is/are NOT exchange types in AMQP? a. Direct b. Indirect c. Fan-out d. Topic

13. State whether the following statement is True or False. Statement: The IE E E 802.15.4 is a well-known standard for low data-rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). a. True b. False

14. The networking topologies supported in the IEEE 802.15.4 are – a. Only Star b. Star and Mesh c. Only Mesh d. None of these

15. State whether the following statement is True or False. Statement: Periodic transmission of beacon messages does not occur in beacon enabled networks (IEEE 802 .1 5.4). a. False b. True

NPTEL Introduction To Internet Of Things Week 1 Assignment Answers 2023

1. Which of the following are the enablers of IoT?

• b. Nanotechnol o gy
• d. All of the these

2. Which of the following is/are NOT a characteristic of IoT?

a. Efficient, scalable and associated architecture. b. Ambiguous naming and addressing. c. Abundance of sleeping nodes, mobile and non-IP devices. d. None of these

3. State whether the following statement is True or False.

 Statement: The increasing number of devic e s in IoT is expected to result in an address crunch.

a. True b. False

4. State whether the following statement is True or False.

 Statement: The gateway has a unique network prefix, which can be used to identify them globally.

5. Sometimes, when there is a need for the nodes to communicate directly to the Internet, ______________ can be used.

a. Sensors b. Actuators c. Tunneling d. None of these

6. In _______________ a node/network is connected to multiple networks for improved reliability.

a. Transparent roaming b. Multi-homing c. None of these d. Both (a) and (b)

7. The IPv6 notation uses ___________________ values.

a. Roman b. Hexadecimal c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these

8. A _____________ detects (senses) cha n ges in the ambient conditions or in the state of another device or a system, and forwards or processes this information in a certain manner.

a. Sensor b. Actuator c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these

9. A microphone is an example of an _____________.

a. Input device and actuator b. Only actuator c. Only Transducer d. Input device and transducer

10. The ________________ of a sensor is the s mallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring.

a. Resolution b. Bias c. Noise d. None of these

11. Based on the data type, sensors are classified as _______________________.

a. Scalar and Vector/Multimedia b. Only scalar c. Both (a) a n d (b) d. Only vector

12. Solenoid valve is an example of ______________________.

a. Sensor b. Actuator c. Processing unit d. None of these

13. An actuator requires a ______________________ and ______________________.

a. Control signal and a bias signal b. Control signal and a source o f energy c. Noise signal and a source of energy d. None of these

14. State whether the following statement is True or False.

 Statement: Pneumatic rack and pinion actuators are used for valve controls of water pipes.

15. Which of the following is NOT a function of an IoT gateway?

a. Switching b. Routi n g c. Protocol conversion d. Generating noise

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