preliminary parts of research paper

The Graduate School

University information technology (uit), main navigation, formatting requirements: preliminary pages.

• Submission Procedure
• Policies for Theses and Dissertations
• Coauthored Theses and Dissertations
• Approval Requirements
• Publication Requirements

Copyright Page

Statement of thesis/dissertation approval, dedication, frontispiece, and epigraph, table of contents and list of figures/tables, acknowledgements.

• General Formatting Requirements
• Parts Composed of Related Chapters
• Headings and Subheadings
• Tables and Figures
• Footnote and Reference Citations
• Appendix or Appendices
• References or Selected Bibliography
• Documentation Styles
• Writing Styles
• Print Quality
• Accessibility in the PDF
• Electronic Version Submitted for Thesis Release
• Distribution of Theses and Dissertations
• Alternate Text
• Color Contrast
• Accessibility Issues in Table Construction
• Heading Space
• Double Space
• Single Space
• Previously Published, Accepted, and Submitted Articles as Chapters of a Dissertation
• Alternate Figure/Table Placement

Preliminary pages are, in order, the title page; copyright page; statement of thesis/dissertation approval; abstract; dedication (optional); frontispiece (optional); epigraph (optional); table of contents; lists of tables, figures, symbols, and abbreviations (necessary only in certain situations); and acknowledgments (optional). Table 2.1 lists all the possible preliminary sections in order and if they are required or not. 

The preliminary pages are counted in sequence (except the copyright page, which is neither counted nor numbered). Any page with a main heading on it (title page, abstract, table of contents, etc.) is counted, but no page number is typed on the page. Second pages to the abstract, table of contents, lists, and acknowledgments are numbered with lower case Roman numerals centered within the thesis margins and .5” from the bottom of the page. See the preliminary pages in this handbook for an example. 

Order of preliminary pages, indicating which are mandatory and where page numbers should be included.

Note : Page numbers in the preliminary pages appear centered on the bottom of the page in lower case Roman numerals. This differs from page numbers in the text, which appear on the top right of the page and use Arabic numerals.

SEE Sample Preliminary Pages

The title page is page i (Roman numeral) of the manuscript (page number not shown). 

The title of the thesis or dissertation is typed in all capital letters. The title should be placed in the same size and style of font as that used for major headings throughout the manuscript. If longer than 4 1/2 inches, the title should be double spaced and arranged so that it appears balanced on the page. The title should be a concise yet comprehensive description of the contents for cataloging and data retrieval purposes. Initials, abbreviations, acronyms, numerals, formulas, super/subscripts, and symbols should be used in the title with careful consideration of clarity and maximizing search results for future readers. Consult the manuscript editors if in doubt. 

The word “by” follows the title. The full legal name of the author as it appears in CIS follows after a double space. The name is not typed in all capital letters. These two lines of text are centered between the title and the statement described in the following paragraph. 

The statement “A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of” appears single spaced in the middle of the title page (see Figure 2.1). For doctoral candidates, the phrasing reads “A dissertation submitted. . . ” 

The appropriate degree follows the statement. The space between the statement and the degree should be the same size that is between the author’s name and the statement. In the event the name of the degree differs from the name of the department, e.g., Master of Science in Environmental Humanities, the words “Master of Science” are placed below the statement, followed by “in” and then the degree program; the lines of the degree name and program are double spaced (see Figure 2.2). Thus, a student receiving a doctorate in history need use only the words “Doctor of Philosophy.” A student receiving a doctorate in Geophysics must put “Doctor of Philosophy in Geophysics.” 

Below the degree field, the full name of the department is listed on the title page. “The University of Utah,” is listed a double space below the department name.

The date appears on the title page a double space below “The University of Utah.” Only the month and year appear, with no punctuation separating them. The month indicates the last month in the semester the degree is granted: fall semester, December; spring semester, May; summer semester, August. 

Again, the spaces below the title, the full legal name, the statement, and the degree should be of equal size. 

The second page is the copyright page, which is uncounted and unnumbered. A copyright notice appears in every copy of the thesis or dissertation. The notice, as illustrated in Figure 2.3, is centered within the side margins and the top and bottom margins of the page. 

Copyright © Student’s Full Legal Name 2022

All Rights Reserved 

There is a double space between the two lines. 

The statement of thesis/dissertation approval is page ii (Roman numeral) of the manuscript (page number not shown). This statement is prepared as shown in Figures 2.4 (for master’s students) and 2.5 (for doctoral students). 

The statement of thesis/dissertation approval signifies that the thesis or dissertation has been approved by the committee chair and a majority of the members of the committee and by the department chair and the dean of The Graduate School. The names of any committee members who did not approve or digitally sign the forms for the thesis or dissertation are not dated. The dates entered should match the date when you received notification that the committee member electronically signed the form. 

The full name of the student, as it appears on the title page and copyright page, must be used. 

As with the digital signature forms, full legal names of committee members must be listed. The full legal names of committee members and department chair or dean can be found on your CIS page under the Committee tab. Neither degrees nor titles should be listed with the names of faculty members. No signatures are required. 

Abstract Page

The abstract is page iii, unnumbered; if there is a second page, it is page iv, and a number appears on the page. The abstract is a concise, carefully composed summary of the contents of the thesis or dissertation. In the abstract, the author defines the problem, describes the research method or design, and reports the results and conclusions. No diagrams, illustrations, subheadings, or citations appear in the abstract. The abstract is limited to 350 words (approximately 1.5 double-spaced pages). A copy of the abstract of all doctoral candidates is published in Dissertation Abstracts International. The word ABSTRACT is placed 2 inches from the top of the page in all capital letters. Following a heading space, the abstract text begins, with the first line indented the same size space as for the paragraphs in the remainder of the manuscript. The text of the abstract must be double spaced. 

If a manuscript is written in a foreign language, the abstract is in the same language, but an English version (or translation) of the abstract must precede the foreign language abstract. The two abstracts are listed as one in the table of contents. The first page of each version is unnumbered but counted. If there is a second page to each version of the abstract, the page number (lower-case Roman numeral) is centered between the left and right margins and between the bottom of the page and the top of the bottom margin. 

The dedication is an optional entry; enumeration continues in sequence, but no page number appears on the page. It follows the abstract and precedes the table of contents. Often only one or two lines, it is centered within the top and bottom margins of the page and within the thesis margins. It is not labeled “Dedication” and is not listed in the table of contents. 

Frontispiece and Epigraph

These are infrequently used entries. The frontispiece is an illustration that alerts the reader to the major theme of the thesis or dissertation. An epigraph is a quotation of unusual aptness and relevance. 

Contents or Table of Contents

The table of contents follows the abstract (or dedication if one is used). The word CONTENTS (or TABLE OF CONTENTS) is placed 2 inches from the top of the page in all capital letters. Following a heading space, the table of contents begins. The table of contents, essentially an outline of the manuscript, lists the preliminary pages beginning with the abstract (page iii). It does not list a frontispiece, dedication, or epigraph if these are used, nor is the table of contents listed in the table of contents; these pages are, however, counted. The list of figures and list of tables, if used, are included (see the Table of Contents in this handbook for a sample using numbered chapters; see Figures 2.6, 2.7, and 2.8 for additional options). 

All chapters or main sections and all first-level subheadings of the manuscript are listed in the table of contents. No lower subheadings levels are to appear in the table of contents. Beginning page numbers of each chapter or section listed are lined up with each listing by a row of evenly spaced, aligned period leaders. The numbers, titles, and subheadings of chapters or sections used in the table of contents must agree exactly in wording and capitalization with the way they appear on the actual page. 

The table of contents reflects the relationship of the chapters and subheadings. Chapter titles appear in all capital letters, as do titles of appendices. First-level subheadings can be headline style or sentence style in capitalization. Subheadings are neither underlined nor italicized in the table of contents. If the table of contents continues to a second page, it begins 1 inch from the top of the page, and it is not labeled “Table of Contents Continued.” Main headings are followed by a double space in the table of contents; all subheadings are single spaced. The words “Chapters” and “Appendices” are used as referents only, printed above the list of entries. The word “Chapter” or “Appendix” is not repeated with each entry. 

List of Figures / List of Tables

The enumeration continues in sequence; no number appears on pages with main headings (those in all caps). A list of tables, a list of figures, a list of symbols, a list of abbreviations, or a glossary may be used. All lists follow the table of contents. The title is placed 2 inches from the top edge of the page in all capital letters: LIST OF TABLES. Following a heading space, the list begins. A list of tables or a list of figures is required if there are 5 to 25 entries. Lists with fewer than 5 entries or more than 25 are not included. It is not permissible to combine a list of tables and figures. The word “Table” or “Figure” is not repeated with each entry. 

As noted for entries in the table of contents, the listing of tables and figures must agree exactly in wording, capitalization, and punctuation with the table title or figure caption. (An exception to this rule occurs if the table title appears in all capital letters on the table itself; table titles in the list of tables are not typed in all capital letters.) Capitalization styles may not be mixed. In the case of long titles or captions, the first sentence must convey the essential description of the item. The first sentence alone then is used in the list. Long captions may not be summarized. 

The table or figure number begins at the left margin and is followed by the title or caption. The page on which each table or figure appears is at the right margin. As in the table of contents, the page numbers are lined up with each entry by a row of evenly spaced, aligned periods (period leaders). If a table or figure occupies more than one page, only the initial page number is listed. If the title or caption of a table or figure appears on a part-title page preceding the table or figure, the page number in the list refers to the number of the part-title page. 

If a list continues to a second page, the second page of text begins 1 inch from the top of the page. The second page is not labeled “List of Tables Continued” or “List of Figures Continued.” Individual entries are single-spaced with a double space between each entry. 

A list of symbols and abbreviations or a glossary does not replace defining terms, symbols, or abbreviations upon their first occurrence in the text. When introducing terms, always introduce terms upon their first usage in the document. 

The enumeration continues in sequence; no number appears on the first page. Acknowledgments are optional. If a preface is used, the acknowledgments are added to the end of the preface without a separate heading. The word ACKNOWLEDGMENTS is placed 2 inches from the top of the page in all capital letters. Following a heading space, the acknowledgments begin. The text of the acknowledgments must be double spaced. In the acknowledgments, students may wish to recognize special assistance from committee members, friends, or family members who may have helped in the research, writing, or technical aspects of the thesis or dissertation. Research funding, grants, and/or permission to reprint copyrighted materials should be acknowledged. Individuals employed to prepare the manuscript are not acknowledged. 

The enumeration continues in sequence; no number appears on the first page. This is an optional entry. The word PREFACE is placed 2 inches from the top of the page in all capital letters. Following a heading space, the preface begins. The text of the preface must be double spaced. A preface includes the reasons for undertaking the study, the methods and design of the researcher, and acknowledgments. Background data and historical or other information essential to the reader’s understanding of the subject are placed in the text as an introduction, not in the preface. Theses and dissertations generally do not contain a foreword (i.e., a statement about the work by someone other than the author). 

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Thesis / dissertation formatting manual (2022).

• Filing Fees and Student Status
• Submission Process Overview
• Electronic Thesis Submission
• Paper Thesis Submission
• Formatting Overview
• Fonts/Typeface
• Pagination, Margins, Spacing
• Paper Thesis Formatting
• Preliminary Pages Overview
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures (etc.)
• Acknowledgements
• Text and References Overview
• Figures and Illustrations
• Using Your Own Previously Published Materials
• Using Copyrighted Materials by Another Author
• Open Access and Embargoes
• Copyright and Creative Commons
• Ordering Print (Bound) Copies
• Tutorials and Assistance
• FAQ This link opens in a new window

Preliminary Pages

The Preliminary Pages require very specific wording, spacing, and layout. Templates and sample pages are provided for your reference.

Only the pages listed below may be included as part of the Preliminary Pages section, and they must appear in this order. No other pages are permitted. All pages are required except the Dedication Page. Lists of Symbols, Tables, Figures, and Illustrations are only required if applicable to the content of your manuscript. 

Note : A Signature Page is NOT a valid part of your manuscript and is not included in the submission of your thesis or dissertation. Committee signatures are now included on the “Ph.D. Form II/Signature Page” or the “Master’s Thesis/Signature Page” that you submit to the Graduate Division. 

Preliminary Pages Order

• Title Page (no page number)
• Copyright Page (no page number)
• Dedication Page (optional, page number ii if included)
• Table of Contents  (if Dedication Page is included, Table of Contents is page iii. If no Dedication, Table of Contents is page ii)
• List(s) of Figures/Illustrations/Formulae/Terms/etc.  (required, if applicable. Each new list should begin on a new page)
• Acknowledgements  (alt. spelling: Acknowledgments)
• Vita  (PhD dissertations ONLY. Should not be more than 3 pages)

Pagination - Preliminary Pages

Preliminary Pages are numbered with lowercase Roman numerals.

• The Title Page is counted in determining the total number of pages in this section but is NOT numbered.
• The Copyright Page is not counted or numbered.
• Your first numbered page will either be your Dedication Page if you have one, or your Table of Contents if you do not have a Dedication Page.
• There is no page i in the manuscript. 
• The subsequent pages are then numbered consecutively with lowercase Roman numerals through the end of the Abstract.
• Dashes, periods, underlining, letter suffixes, other text (including last names), and other stylizations are not permitted before, after, or under your page numbers.
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HOW TO DRAFT EXCELLENT PRELIMINARY PAGES IN RESEARCH WRITING

November 13, 2014 By Divine Nwachukwu

For a research to be termed acceptable to your research coordinator or project supervisor, the preliminary pages of the work must be all encompassing and concise enough to make great meaning. Preliminary pages are those write ups that come before the chapter one of every project or research work. Standard preliminary pages has the following features in these chronological order

• Declaration
• Certification
• Acknowledgement
• Table of contents

Cover page of the research work The cover page of a research page is the first page of the work which contains:

• The full topic of the project work.
• The case study of the project/research work.
• The researchers/student’s name, starting with the surname and registration number.
• The institution of study.
• The year and month the project work was completed.

The above specifications must be done with block letters. Below is an example of a cover page of a project work:  

APPRAISING THE ROLES OF AN ACCOUNTANT IN LOANS AND CREDIT CONTROLS MANAGEMENT (A CASE STUDY OF THE UNITED BANK OF AFRICA PLC, LAGOS BRANCH (2009-2011)

A RESEARCH PROJECT BY

OKORO MOHAMMED BOLA 10/PG/CE/BSC/DBA/100

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA ENUGU STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

NOVEMBER, 2015.

Declaration of the research work Every research work must be deemed original and void of plagiarism. To this effect the declaration is more of an affidavit stating in clear terms that the work is an original work and was not copied from any source.  In declaring that your work as a researcher is original, it has to be done with your full name and the full name of the researcher observer or project supervisor who guided you through the research work and the date the research was concluded. Below is an example of a declaration of a research work:

DECLARATION I declare that this project on “appraising the roles of an accountant in loans and credit controls and management” is an original work done by me under the supervision of Dr. A.A. Akai, faculty of business administration, university of Nigeria, Nsukka.

                                                                                                                                                                OKORO, MOHAMMED BOLA.                                                                 Certification of the research work As the name depicts, certification of a research work is just a confirmation that the work or research was actually embarked upon by you. In drafting your certification of the research work, it has to come with your full name beginning with your surname followed by your other names, your registration number, space for the name date and signature of your project supervisor and finally a space for the name, signature and date of the external supervisor. Below is an example of a certification of a project work:

CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research work on “appraising the roles of accountants in loan and credit controls and management was carried out OKORO, MOHAMMED BOLA; with the registration Number: 10/PG/CE/BSC/DBA/100. We examined and found it acceptable for the award of postgraduate diploma in Business Administration, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

Dr. A.A. Akai: ………………………………………………………………. Signature ………………………   Date…………………………………… Supervisor/head of accounting department

Dr. W.S. Ugwu: ………………………………………………………………. Signature ………………………   Date…………………………………… Coordinator, post graduate diploma Business administration

Dedication of the research work Dedication is one of the preliminary pages of a research work. It has to do with dedicating the complete work to loved ones or people your hold in high regard. Below is an example of a dedication of a research work:

DEDICATION This research project is dedicated first to “THE ALMIGHTY GOD” forhis enabling strength he bestowed on me in completing this work.Secondly to my wonderful wife Mrs.Okoro Mohammed Bola

Acknowledgement of the research work This is where the researcher appreciates people who contributed directly or indirectly in the actualization of the project work. Acknowledgement in a research work takes into cognizance, your project or research supervisor for availing his time to making your work a success, your parents or loved ones for morally and financially supporting you through this work and other people you may have in mind for what they did towards their direct or indirect contribution to the success of your work.Below is an example

ACKNOWLEDEGEMNT I am most grateful to God Almighty, the sole provider of knowledge, wisdom, love, mercy and grace for his protections throughout the period of the programme. I sincerely appreciate my supervisor, Dr. A.A. Akai who offered timely criticism and corrections that led me through the various stages of this project. I appreciate my parents, Mr. and Mrs. AfikaAkara, my siblings and friends for their unquantifiable love and financial assistance during this period. May God bless you all in Jesus name, Amen.

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HOW TO WRITE PRELIMINARY PAGES OF YOUR RESEARCH

• September 21, 2018
• Posted by: IGBAJI UGABI
• Category: Academic Writing Guide

In your research your preliminary pages come before your main work; they are concise and they form   part of your project work. I will be taking you through the various pages that come before your main research in this blog post:

• The cover page

This is the first page of your research and it I written in upper case letters. It contains the topic of your research work, your name, your registration number (that is matriculation number), and the institution of study; the year and month your research was completed. For example:

THE THEME OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND FEMINISM IN CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE’S PURPLE HIBISCUS

GEORGE WILLIAMS ADIGWE

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS

NIGER DELTA UNIVERSITY, WILBERFORCE ISLAND, BAYELSA STATE

PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF A BACHELORS OF ARTS IN ENGLISH AND LITERARY STUDIES

• Declaration

This where you attest to the originality and authenticity of the research you have carried out. You can liken this to an affidavit so when you are declaring you simply owe up to the work. An example would be:

I declare that this project on “The Theme of Domestic Violence and Feminism in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus I an original work done by me under the supervision of Professor Saani Ngagage Atiru, department of English and Literary Studies, faculty of Arts, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State.

Then you sign off with your name below the declaration

• Certification

This is more like your declaration but at a deeper level. This time you are not the only one involved, your supervisor and external supervisor are also part of it. It is a confirmation that you have performed your requirement to be awarded the degree. You can see samples from your school library to know how it is written.

You probably had someone in mind while doing your research; it could be a love one or someone who has a significant influence in your life that you want to dedicate the work to.  Well, most people will dedicate it to God because it is His grace that aided you in accomplishing the work.

• Acknowledgement

Here is where you express your gratitude to those who have helped you doing your research and also those saw you through your years in the university.  I am sure some significant things happened and you received help from unlikely sources that helped you out of crisis. Feel free to thank those persons who helped you but of course, remember your parents, siblings, supervisors, lecturers, social clubs etc.

• Table of contents

I am sure you don’t want your reader turning to your work and wondering where to find a particular information. So, your table of content would help you structure your research. It is the arrangement of information in order of the chapters.

I have already written about how you can write a beautiful abstract. Please, check previous blog posts to read up on abstract.

Good examples

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Writing guide.

Module 6: Research

Preliminary research strategies.

The first step towards writing a research paper is pretty obvious: find sources. Not everything that you find will be good, and those that are good are not always easily found.  Having an idea of what you’re looking for–what will most help you develop your essay and enforce your thesis–will help guide your process.

Example of a Research Process

A good research process should go through these steps:

• Decide on the topic.
• Narrow the topic in order to narrow search parameters.
• Create a question that your research will address.
• Generate sub-questions from your main question.
• Determine what kind of sources are best for your argument.
• Create a bibliography as you gather and reference sources.

Each of these is described in greater detail below.

Books, books, books …Do not start research haphazardly—come up with a plan first.

A research plan should begin after you can clearly identify the focus of your argument. First, inform yourself about the basics of your topic (Wikipedia and general online searches are great starting points). Be sure you’ve read all the assigned texts and carefully read the prompt as you gather preliminary information.  This stage is sometimes called pre-research .

A broad online search will yield thousands of sources, which no one could be expected to read through. To make it easier on yourself, the next step is to narrow your focus. Think about what kind of position or stance you can take on the topic. What about it strikes you as most interesting? Refer back to the prewriting stage of the writing process, which will come in handy here.

Preliminary Search Tips

• It is okay to start with Wikipedia as a reference, but do not use it as an official source. Look at the links and references at the bottom of the page for more ideas.
• Use “Ctrl+F” to find certain words within a webpage in order to jump to the sections of the article that interest you.
• Use quotation marks to narrow your search from just tanks in WWII to “Tanks in WWII” or “Tanks” in “WWII”.
• Find specific types of websites by adding “site:.gov” or “site:.edu” or “site:.org”. You can also search for specific file types like “filetype:.pdf”.
• Click on “Search Tools” under the search bar in Google and select “Any time” to see a list of options for time periods to help limit your search. You can find information just in the past month or year, or even for a custom range.

Use features already available through Google Search like Search Tools and Advanced Search to narrow and refine your results.

As you narrow your focus, create a list of questions that you’ll need to answer in order to write a good essay on the topic.  The research process will help you answer these questions.

Another part of your research plan should include the type of sources you want to gather. Keep track of these sources in a bibliography and jot down notes about the book, article, or document and how it will be useful to your essay. This will save you a lot of time later in the essay process–you’ll thank yourself!

• Revision and Adaptation. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• The Research Process graphic. Authored by : Kim Louie for Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Organizing Your Research Plan. Provided by : Boundless. Located at : https://www.boundless.com/writing/textbooks/boundless-writing-textbook/the-research-process-2/organizing-your-research-plan-262/organizing-your-research-plan-51-1304/ . Project : Boundless Writing. License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike

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• Corrección de Tesis Precio
• Corrección Medica en Ingles
• Corrector ingles
• Choosing the right Journal
• Journal Editor’s Feedback
• Dealing with Rejection
• Quantitative Research Examples
• Number of scientific papers published per year
• Acknowledgements Example
• ISO, ANSI, CFR & Other
• Types of Peer Review
• Withdrawing a Paper
• What is a good h-index
• Appendix paper
• Cover Letter Templates
• Writing an Article
• How To Write the Findings
• Abbreviations: ‘Ibid.’ & ‘Id.’
• Sample letter to editor for publication
• Tables and figures in research paper
• Journal Metrics
• Revision Process of Journal Publishing
• JOURNAL GUIDELINES

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The Essential – Preliminary Matter

Posted by Rene Tetzner | Oct 3, 2021 | PhD Success | 0 |

Chapter 1: The Essential Components and Requirements of a Doctoral Thesis Writing a doctoral thesis is an intellectual adventure, and one best undertaken with a sound understanding of exactly what the final document should and can be. Although the overall structure and individual parts of doctoral theses vary greatly according to the requirements of particular disciplines, universities and topics, as well as the preferences of individual thesis committees and students, there is significant value in listing and briefly describing the basic components of a thesis. For one, it is essential that all readers of this book understand exactly what is meant by the terminology I use for the different parts of a doctoral thesis. Secondly, an argument or sustained theory is still central to a successful thesis regardless of its topic and discipline (or disciplines in the case of interdisciplinary work), and the following list will set the stage for constructing an argument that includes the basic elements deemed necessary when reporting, analysing and discussing original research in most fields of study: that is, defining a problem, exploring it through sound methods, presenting what is discovered through that methodology and discussing those findings. 

Finally, while this list and the order of its items will apply more or less precisely depending on the nature of the research you are conducting as a doctoral candidate, in many cases it will provide an underlying structure (introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion and conclusion) to work with when arranging the chapters and sections of your thesis, particularly if it is used in a flexible way. Remember, however, that any guidelines, style guides, thesis templates or requirements specified or provided by your university, department and/or thesis committee regarding the format, structure and content of your thesis should always be consulted and observed as priorities.

1.1 Preliminary Matter 1.1.1 Title All theses require a title, which should appear at the beginning of the thesis, usually on a title page along with the doctoral candidate’s name and any other information required (the department and university concerned, the names of supervisors and committee members, the relevant date and the like). The title should ideally be descriptive, elegant and succinct, conveying both clearly and precisely the main topic and the nature of the thesis, and often noting key elements of the research such as the methodology, location, themes, subjects and variables involved. Depending on university requirements, a short form of the title may need to appear (along with page numbering and sometimes the candidate’s surname) in a running header (or footer) throughout the thesis. For more information on the title, see Sections 3.5.1, 4.2 and 6.1 below.

1.1.2 Abstract Although there are a few exceptions (in the humanities, for instance), virtually all theses require an abstract, which normally precedes all other preliminary material except the title or title page. An abstract briefly and comprehensively summarises the contents of a thesis, situating the research in both its physical and intellectual contexts, informing the reader about the problem(s) or concept(s) investigated and the essential features of the methodology and any participants, and reporting the basic findings, implications and conclusions of the study. Depending on university or department requirements and guidelines, an abstract is usually between 100 and 400 words long (with 150 to 300 words very common) and can be formatted as a single paragraph or divided into several short paragraphs bearing headings such as ‘Background,’ ‘Methods,’ ‘Results’ and ‘Conclusion.’ For more information on the abstract, see Section 4.2 below, and for advice on constructing headings, see Section 6.1 below.

1.1.3 Keywords The keywords (sometimes written as two words: ‘key words’ or ‘key terms’) generally follow the abstract. In most cases, between three and ten keywords are required – university or department guidelines should be checked for the appropriate number – and they are usually arranged alphabetically. The keywords should be terms that not only represent the central concepts in the thesis, but also are likely to be used by readers seeking information of the kind contained in the thesis. For more information on the keywords, see Section 4.2 below.

1.1.4 Dedication A personal dedication is optional, but many candidates will want to include one, in which case it normally follows the abstract (and keywords) and precedes the table of contents.

1.1.5 Table of Contents All theses require a table of contents, which normally follows the abstract and keywords. The table of contents should be a structured list of all the main parts, chapters and sections of a thesis and it should also include page numbers for locating those parts, chapters and sections. The headings, their order and the relevant page numbers listed in the table of contents must accurately match those for the parts, chapters and sections as they actually appear in the thesis. For more information on the table of contents, see Sections 3.5.2, 4.1 and 6.1 below.

1.1.6 Acknowledgements Most theses will require some kind of acknowledgements, which can appear in either the preliminary or final matter of a thesis, depending on university requirements and personal preferences. There are two main kinds of acknowledgements: ‘those recognizing the ideas, assistance, support, or inspiration of those who have helped the author to create the work; and those listing the copyright holders in material such as figures, illustrations, and quotations reproduced’ in the thesis (Ritter, 2005, Section 1.2.10). Sometimes there are separate sections acknowledging sources of financial assistance and listing permissions for reproducing material from earlier publications, libraries, museums and the like, although such formal permissions usually are not required unless the thesis is published. If you are in doubt about whether acknowledgements are required or not, consult your university or department guidelines, ask your thesis supervisor and, if necessary, contact the individual, company or institution who holds the rights to the material you are using. See also Section 4.6.2 below.

1.1.7 List of Abbreviations A list of abbreviations and their definitions is only necessary if you use a large number of abbreviations in the thesis, especially ones that may not be familiar to your readers, or if university or department requirements call for such a list. The abbreviations should be listed alphabetically and both they and their definitions should match exactly the abbreviations and definitions used in the thesis. When included, a list of abbreviations can appear in either the preliminary or final matter, but it is most effective at the front of the thesis where the reader will encounter it immediately; it may, however, precede or follow any acknowledgements or lists of figures or tables, so university or department guidelines should be consulted for precise positioning. For more information on lists of abbreviations, see Sections 4.6.2 and 6.3 below, and for general advice on lists, see Section 5.5.2 below.

1.1.8 List of Figures or Illustrations If a thesis includes figures of any kind, such as charts, graphs, photographs, drawings and other visual aids that are not tables, a numerical list of them is generally required, but do check university and department requirements on this. The list can appear in the final matter, but it is usually placed among the preliminary material either before or after any list of abbreviations and acknowledgements that may be included. Figure captions, especially long ones, tend to be shortened in the list, but figure numbers and the page numbers listed for them must match the figures themselves and both their order and positions in the thesis. For figures reproduced or adapted from other sources, acknowledgements of those sources are sometimes included in the list. For further information on figures and lists of figures, see Sections 1.3, 4.4.1 and 4.6 below, and for more general guidance on constructing lists, see Section 5.5.2 below.

1.1.9 List of Tables Occasionally, a numerical list of the tables included in a thesis is required by a university as well, and, like the list of figures, it can appear in the final matter but is most often located among the preliminary material either before or after the list of figures or illustrations. Table headings, especially long ones, can be shortened for the list, but the table numbers and the page numbers listed for them must match the tables themselves and both their order and positions in the thesis. As with figures, any sources from which tables are borrowed or adapted are sometimes acknowledged in the list. For further information on tables and lists of tables, see Sections 1.3, 4.4.1 and 4.6 below, and for more general help with lists, see Section 5.5.2 below.

Why PhD Success?

To Graduate Successfully

This article is part of a book called "PhD Success" which focuses on the writing process of a phd thesis, with its aim being to provide sound practices and principles for reporting and formatting in text the methods, results and discussion of even the most innovative and unique research in ways that are clear, correct, professional and persuasive.

The assumption of the book is that the doctoral candidate reading it is both eager to write and more than capable of doing so, but nonetheless requires information and guidance on exactly what he or she should be writing and how best to approach the task. The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples.

The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples. PhD Success provides guidance for students familiar with English and the procedures of English universities, but it also acknowledges that many theses in the English language are now written by candidates whose first language is not English, so it carefully explains the scholarly styles, conventions and standards expected of a successful doctoral thesis in the English language.

Individual chapters of this book address reflective and critical writing early in the thesis process; working successfully with thesis supervisors and benefiting from commentary and criticism; drafting and revising effective thesis chapters and developing an academic or scientific argument; writing and formatting a thesis in clear and correct scholarly English; citing, quoting and documenting sources thoroughly and accurately; and preparing for and excelling in thesis meetings and examinations. 

Completing a doctoral thesis successfully requires long and penetrating thought, intellectual rigour and creativity, original research and sound methods (whether established or innovative), precision in recording detail and a wide-ranging thoroughness, as much perseverance and mental toughness as insight and brilliance, and, no matter how many helpful writing guides are consulted, a great deal of hard work over a significant period of time. Writing a thesis can be an enjoyable as well as a challenging experience, however, and even if it is not always so, the personal and professional rewards of achieving such an enormous goal are considerable, as all doctoral candidates no doubt realise, and will last a great deal longer than any problems that may be encountered during the process.

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Rene Tetzner

Rene Tetzner's blog posts dedicated to academic writing. Although the focus is on How To Write a Doctoral Thesis, many other important aspects of research-based writing, editing and publishing are addressed in helpful detail.

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How to properly format the preliminary pages of a project report

Preliminary pages are those pages that come before the main body of your project or research work. Before your project supervisor approves or accepts your project report, your preliminary pages should be in order and well written.

Standard preliminary pages are comprised of the following:

• Cover/Title page
• Declaration (if any)
• Certification (If any)
• Approval (if any)
• Acknowledgement
• Table of contents
• List of Tables (if any)
• List of Figures (if any)

Cover / Title page

The cover page is comprised of the following sections:

• The title of the project work
• The case study of the project / research work
• The researchers / student’s name, starting with the surname and registration number
• The institution of study
• The year and month the project work was completed
• Note : it should be written in uppercase. See an example below.

Declaration This is where you state that the research work is original and was conducted by you. Your full names, registration / Matriculation number, and project supervisor should also be indicated.

Certification The certification page of a project report is where you confirm that the research was carried out by you. The page should include the following: a. Your full names (starting with your surname), registration number and signature b. Your project supervisor’s name, signature and date c. The external examiner’s name, signature and date

Approval The approval page is similar to the declaration page. You basically state that you did the research and it is void of plagiarism.  The Page should also contain the names and signatures of your supervisor, head of department (H.O.D), and external examiner.

Dedication The dedication page comes after the approval page. It is used to dedicate the work to those that supported you during your studies.  This page should be brief.

If you want to recognize and acknowledge more people, do so in the acknowledgement page which is the next page.

Acknowledgement The acknowledgement page comes after the dedication page. This is where you appreciate the people who directly or indirectly assisted you in carrying out your research.

In writing you acknowledgement, be sure to mention only the people that assisted you. You can address your project supervisor, colleagues, loved ones and your parents/sponsors for their moral and financial support.

Table of contents A table of contents is a list of the parts of a book, research report or document, organized in the order in which the parts appear.

The contents usually include the titles or descriptions of the first level headers, such as chapter titles in longer works and often includes a second level titles or section titles within the chapters and occasionally even third level titles or subsections.

List of Tables and Figures This is required if you have two or more figures and tables in the project report. All figures and tables in research report should be included in the list.

Abstract An abstract is a clear, accurate and concise summary of a research. It is usually written at the end of the research, after the rest of the project report has been completed.

An abstract should be between 100 – 250 words and should get the reader interested in the research paper. Knowing how abstracts are structured is the first step towards writing an awesome abstract.

Learn more – How to write a good and effective abstract

Some points to note 1. Be sure you have the correct month and year of graduation. 2. Preliminary pages are numbered in lower case roman numerals.

Below is an example of preliminary pages of a project report :

This to certify that this project was written by ——– with REG NO:  ——– under the supervision of Mr. ——-, Department of Business Administration and Management, ———, in partial fulfillment of the award of ———– in Business Administration and Management.

Title Page Approval Page Dedication Acknowledgment Abstract Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1    Background of Study 1.2    Statement of Problems 1.3    Objective of the Study 1.4    Research Question 1.5    Significance of Study 1.6    Scope of Study 1.7    Limitation of the Study 1.8    Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1    Definition of Leadership 2.2    Leadership Distinct from Management 2.3    Leadership Style 2.3.1    Autocratic (Deceptive) Leadership Style 2.3.2    Democratic or Participative Leadership Style 2.3.3    Employee (Entered) Leadership Style 2.3.4    Lassies Faire Leadership Style 2.3.5    Applicative Leadership Style 2.4    Style Flexibly 2.5    Leadership Theories 2.5.1    Fielder Leadership Contingency Model 2.5.2    The Great Man Theory 2.5.3    Treat Theories 2.5.4    Hershey and Blanched Situation Leadership Theory 2.6    Motivation Theories 2.6.1    Maslow’s Need Hierarchy (The Need Theory) 2.6.2    Vroom’s Motivation Models: A Contingency View 2.7    Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE Research Methodology 3.1    Introduction 3.2    Research Design 3.3    Method of Data Collection 3.4    Sample Size 3.5    Sample Technique

CHAPTER FOUR Presentation of Data 4.1    Introduction 4.2    Data Analysis 4.3    Research Findings

CHAPTER FIVE Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1    Summary of Findings 5.2    Conclusion 5.3    Recommendations References Appendix

DO YOU KNOW? writing your term paper, seminar, proposal, SIWES report and final year project report can be fun rather than boring. The integrity and rigour of your research is solely dependent on getting access to the right information and resources tailored to your specific need(s).

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Ansa John is a content writer at EduAnsa . He writes to inspire young people by providing educational yet engaging content and connecting them with scholarship and internship opportunities that help set them up for success after graduation. Download my FREE eBook: *How to Easily Secure Your Internship* - Follow Ansa on LinkedIn

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Libraries & Cultural Resources

Research guides, guide to research and writing for the academic study of religion.

• Topic Pyramids
• Research Assignment Parameters
• Thesis statement
• Identifying Interests
• Controversy
• Availability of Sources

Preliminary Research

• Developing Your Question and Thesis
• Research Question and Thesis Statement Examples
• Periodicals
• Primary Sources
• Reference Works - Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Biographies etc
• Journal Articles
• Primary Sources This link opens in a new window
• Web Search Engines
• Web Directories
• Invisible Web
• Does the Library hold the article I need?
• Locating resources unavailable at U of C Library
• Content of Databases
• Standardized Terminology
• Review Quiz Databases
• Keyword Searching
• Search Limits
• Phrase Searching
• Truncations and Wildcards
• Boolean Operators
• Proximity Operators
• Natural Language Searching
• Searching Basics Quiz
• Search Overview
• Selecting Records
• Combing Searchers
• General Criteria
• Quoting in text
• in Text Citations
• List of References
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Staying Organized
• Links to Writing Help
• Sources Used in Creating this Workbook

Developing a good research question is impossible without doing some preliminary research.  Preliminary research gives you background information on your topic, answering questions such as who, what, when and where.  This research will also help you determine controversies related to your topic and determine if there are enough sources available to cover the topic effectively.

 You will encounter and learn much more information than you will convey in your final paper. Background information will enrich your research paper but should not bog it down in trivia. For example, if you were doing a paper on Hildegaard of Bingen, you should know that she was born into a noble family in Germany in 1098 and entered a hermitage at the age of eight and became a Benedictine Abbess. This information will help you contextualize her work in your own mind but your research paper should not be a simple recitation of these facts. Your research question should take you beyond the common knowledge found in encyclopedias, but without that  common knowledge your research will lack a solid foundation.

What follows is a list of resources that you may find useful for doing preliminary research in the field of Religious Studies. Keep in mind the type of information that you will need based on your preliminary topic and where your topic falls in the topic pyramid. Remember that the pyramid is a continuum rather than a series of discrete stages, so your topic likely will draw on both columns for some resources.

Resources for Preliminary Research

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• Next: Developing Your Question and Thesis >>
• Last Updated: Jun 9, 2022 2:27 PM
• URL: https://libguides.ucalgary.ca/research-and-writing-religion

Libraries & Cultural Resources

• 403.220.8895

• Research guides

Writing an Educational Research Paper

Research paper sections, customary parts of an education research paper.

There is no one right style or manner for writing an education paper. Content aside, the writing style and presentation of papers in different educational fields vary greatly. Nevertheless, certain parts are common to most papers, for example:

Title/Cover Page

Contains the paper's title, the author's name, address, phone number, e-mail, and the day's date.

Not every education paper requires an abstract. However, for longer, more complex papers abstracts are particularly useful. Often only 100 to 300 words, the abstract generally provides a broad overview and is never more than a page. It describes the essence, the main theme of the paper. It includes the research question posed, its significance, the methodology, and the main results or findings. Footnotes or cited works are never listed in an abstract. Remember to take great care in composing the abstract. It's the first part of the paper the instructor reads. It must impress with a strong content, good style, and general aesthetic appeal. Never write it hastily or carelessly.

Introduction and Statement of the Problem

A good introduction states the main research problem and thesis argument. What precisely are you studying and why is it important? How original is it? Will it fill a gap in other studies? Never provide a lengthy justification for your topic before it has been explicitly stated.

Limitations of Study

Indicate as soon as possible what you intend to do, and what you are not going to attempt. You may limit the scope of your paper by any number of factors, for example, time, personnel, gender, age, geographic location, nationality, and so on.

Methodology

Discuss your research methodology. Did you employ qualitative or quantitative research methods? Did you administer a questionnaire or interview people? Any field research conducted? How did you collect data? Did you utilize other libraries or archives? And so on.

Literature Review

The research process uncovers what other writers have written about your topic. Your education paper should include a discussion or review of what is known about the subject and how that knowledge was acquired. Once you provide the general and specific context of the existing knowledge, then you yourself can build on others' research. The guide Writing a Literature Review will be helpful here.

Main Body of Paper/Argument

This is generally the longest part of the paper. It's where the author supports the thesis and builds the argument. It contains most of the citations and analysis. This section should focus on a rational development of the thesis with clear reasoning and solid argumentation at all points. A clear focus, avoiding meaningless digressions, provides the essential unity that characterizes a strong education paper.

After spending a great deal of time and energy introducing and arguing the points in the main body of the paper, the conclusion brings everything together and underscores what it all means. A stimulating and informative conclusion leaves the reader informed and well-satisfied. A conclusion that makes sense, when read independently from the rest of the paper, will win praise.

Works Cited/Bibliography

See the Citation guide .

Education research papers often contain one or more appendices. An appendix contains material that is appropriate for enlarging the reader's understanding, but that does not fit very well into the main body of the paper. Such material might include tables, charts, summaries, questionnaires, interview questions, lengthy statistics, maps, pictures, photographs, lists of terms, glossaries, survey instruments, letters, copies of historical documents, and many other types of supplementary material. A paper may have several appendices. They are usually placed after the main body of the paper but before the bibliography or works cited section. They are usually designated by such headings as Appendix A, Appendix B, and so on.

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• Last Updated: Oct 25, 2023 10:42 AM
• Subjects: Education
• Tags: education , education_paper , education_research_paper