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International Marketing Notes PDF | Syllabus, Book MBA 2021 2024

• Post last modified: 5 April 2022
• Reading time: 20 mins read
• Post category: MBA Study Material

Download  International Marketing Notes PDF 2024 for MBA. We provide complete MBA international marketing notes . MBA international marketing study material includes international marketing notes, international marketing book, courses, case study, syllabus, question paper, questions and answers and available in  international marketing pdf  form.

Table of Content

• 1 International Marketing Syllabus
• 2 International Marketing PDF
• 3 International Marketing Notes
• 4 International Marketing Question Paper
• 5 International Marketing Books
• 6 Go On, Share & Help your Friend

The  MBA International Marketing Notes  can be downloaded in international marketing pdf from the below article.

International Marketing Syllabus

MBA International Marketing Syllabus  is mentioned below:

International Marketing : Scope and Significance of International Marketing, The importance of international marketing, Differences between international and domestic marketing International environment, International Social & culture Environment, the political legal environment and regulatory environment of international marketing.Technological Environment.

International Market Entry Strategies : Indirect Exporting, Domestic Purchasing, Direct Exporting, Foreign Manufacturing Strategies without Direct Investment, Foreign Manufacturing Strategies with Direct Investment. Entry Strategies of Indian Firms.

International product management : International product positioning, Product saturation Levels in global Market, International product life cycle, Geographic Expansion–Strategic Alternatives. New products in Intentional Marketing, Product and culture, brands in International Market.

International Marketing Channels : channels –Distribution Structures, Distribution Patterns, Factors effecting Choice of Channels, the Challenges in Managing an international Distribution Strategy Selecting Foreign Country Market intermediaries. The management of physical distribution of goods, Advertising and Branding, Grey Market goods.

Export Marketing : Introduction to Export Marketing, Export Policy Decisions of a firm, EXIM policy of India. Export costing and pricing, Export procedures and export documentation. Export assistance and incentives in India.

International Marketing PDF

International Marketing Notes

What is International marketing?

International marketing refers to marketing carried out by companies overseas or across national borders.

On completion of International Marketing course, students should be able to critically analyze the international marketing environment in terms of markets structures and size, legal frameworks, political structures, financial markets etc for managing products and services, and other marketing mix factors.

International Marketing Question Paper

Some of the international marketing questions and answers & question paper pdf are mentioned below:

• Discuss various objectives of International Marketing along with challenges involved ‘International Marketing’.
• Elaborate various ‘Product Strategies’ for International Markets.
• Discuss various factors affecting ‘International Pricing’.
• Describe various commercial documents required for shipment of export goods.
• How will you Identify a Product?
• Define Brand and Trademark?
• Why Price of the Same Product Differ in International and Home Markets?
• What is the Scope of Product Planning and Development?
• Name Few Export Promotion Organisations Working to Promote Exports in India?
• What are the Factors that Influence Packaging Decision in International Marketing?

International Marketing Books

Below is the list of international marketing book recommended by the top university in India.

• Global Marketing Management, Keegan, Green, 4/e, Pearson
• International Marketing, Philip R. Cateora, John L. Graham, Prasanth Salwan, TMH
• International Marketing Analysis and Strategy, Sak Onkvisit, John J. Shaw, PHI.
• International Marketing, Michael R.Czinkota, Likka A Ronkainen, Cengage .
• International Marketing, Vasudeva PK, excel.
• Global Marketing Management, Lee, Carter, Oxford.
• International Marketing and Export Management, Albaum, Pearson Education.
• Global Marketing, Johansson, TMH.

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Speaking Your Customer’s Language: A Complete Guide to International Marketing

Read time: 10 min

When brands aim to target multiple markets worldwide, effective international marketing allows them to seamlessly integrate with local cultures. Take, for example, Dunkin’ Donuts. In its 2013 Donut Day campaign, the company provided tailored widgets for 24 different markets, offering consumers a localized feel with unique menus and messaging adapted to each language and culture.

  View this post on Instagram   A post shared by Dunkin’ Donuts Singapore (@dunkindonuts_sg)

The campaign became so popular that the company made Donut Day an annual event. Customers worldwide now celebrate National Donut Day in their local markets, eagerly anticipating Dunkin’ Donuts’ brand festivities and exciting offers. This is just one example of how powerful international marketing can be in promoting offers within a local context. Discover how to make it work for you in our complete guide.

What is international marketing?

International marketing promotes products or services in different target markets by adapting them to local needs, preferences, and expectations.

The key objective of international marketing is to create a global brand presence while tailoring marketing strategies to each specific region’s culture, demographics, and consumer behavior.

Unlike domestic marketing, where the focus is on a single local market, international marketing involves a broader scope, requiring businesses to adapt to the diverse needs, preferences, and regulations of multiple markets.

This adaptation process is known as marketing localization and stands as the core difference between international and global marketing. More on that later.

How international marketing works

The essence of international marketing lies in its adaptability.  Companies must be agile enough to reimagine the entire marketing mix—product, price, place, and promotion—to align with local market dynamics.

• Cultural sensitivity:  Understanding local customs and values is essential for crafting campaigns that connect with local audiences. This can help you in aligning product color schemes with cultural symbolism, transcreating slogans to prevent unintended meanings or connotations, etc.
• Legal compliance:  Each country has its unique rules governing product standards, advertising ethics, and consumer rights. Therefore, businesses must become well-versed in the laws of each market they enter, often requiring collaboration with local experts to avoid fines or legal actions.

What is transcreation?

The art of balancing creativity and cultural sensitivity is key to crafting marketing messages that resonate with audiences in diverse target markets.

Explore transcreation

For example, a fast-food chain may offer a vegetarian menu in India due to religious considerations, while in the United States, the focus might be on quick, meat-based meals. Similarly, a skincare brand may offer lighter formulations for humid climates and richer products for colder regions.

How is international marketing different from global marketing?

One common misconception is that international marketing and global marketing are interchangeable terms. While both involve marketing across borders, they differ fundamentally in their approach to market adaptation.

In international marketing, the focus is on customizing the entire marketing mix to suit the specific needs and preferences of each local market.

This could mean altering the product features, adapting the advertising language and visuals, or even changing the pricing strategy to match local economic conditions. The aim is to resonate with the local consumer base while maintaining the core brand identity.

Global marketing adopts a “one-size-fits-all” approach, where the same products and marketing strategies are applied uniformly across all markets with minimal intervention.

The idea is to create a consistent brand image worldwide—capitalizing on economies of scale and scope. While this approach may work for products with universal appeal, it often overlooks the nuances of local cultures, consumer behaviors, and market conditions.

Here’s a detailed overview of the differences between international and global marketing:

For example, a global marketing strategy might involve launching a single advertising campaign worldwide, with minimal changes to the content. This could be effective for a software company selling a device with universal functionalities. However, for a food and beverage company, such a strategy could backfire if the product features flavors that aren’t universally accepted in every target market.

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Harness the power of localization to effectively connect with audiences worldwide and discover best practices for making your next global marketing endeavor a success.

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Key international marketing types

Understanding the different types of international marketing is crucial for businesses looking to expand their reach beyond domestic borders.

Each type offers its own set of advantages and challenges, so the choice will often depend on the company’s resources and global expansion strategy .

Let’s take a look at some key types of international marketing.

Export marketing

The simplest form of international marketing involves exporting products to foreign markets.

This approach requires minimal investment and allows companies to test the waters before committing to more extensive strategies.

However, businesses must navigate trade regulations, tariffs, and local distribution networks.

Franchising

Franchising allows businesses to license their brand and business model to local operators in foreign countries.

This reduces the financial risk and operational burden on the parent company, but it also requires a strong, universally appealing brand that can be easily adapted to local markets.

Joint ventures and partnerships

In this model, a company collaborates with a local business to share the costs, risks, and profits of the international operation.

Joint ventures and partnerships offer the advantage of local market knowledge but may involve complex negotiations and shared decision-making.

Direct investment

Direct investment involves establishing a physical presence in the foreign market, such as opening a subsidiary, manufacturing facility, or retail store.

While this approach offers the most control, it also requires significant investment and exposes the company to higher risks, including political instability and currency fluctuations.

Licensing involves granting permission to a foreign entity to use your intellectual property, such as trademarks, patents, or technology, in exchange for royalties or fees.

It allows companies to generate revenue from their intellectual assets without the need for significant investment or direct involvement in foreign operations. However, it requires careful monitoring to protect intellectual property rights.

As we can see, each type of international marketing comes with its own benefits and drawbacks, so it’s advisable to choose the right mix of these strategies—tailored to the company’s capabilities and the specific needs of each target market.

For example, a restaurant chain expanding into new markets may benefit from following a joint venture, partnership, or franchise model, allowing the company to decentralize its cost burden and incorporate local management and leadership into operations within each market.

Benefits of international marketing

Marketing products and services in international markets offers many advantages that can significantly impact a company’s bottom line. Let’s review some key benefits that can make a difference for your business:

Increased market share

One of the most obvious advantages of international marketing is the expansion of the customer base. By entering new markets, companies can tap into a larger pool of potential consumers, increasing their market share, and strengthening their resilience and stability. 

Diversification

Relying solely on a domestic market can be risky, especially during economic downturns. International marketing allows for diversification, spreading the risk across multiple markets. If one market faces challenges, your business can still capitalize on opportunities in another market. 

Competitive advantage

Companies that successfully market their products internationally often enjoy a stronger brand image and recognition—which can be leveraged to gain market share even in highly competitive environments.

Because competitive advantage can be multiplied through international marketing, your business gains enhanced standing across individual markets.

Your company is then in a position to leverage a strong global position as well as strengths in each market one-on-one. 

Innovation and learning

The experience gained from international marketing can provide valuable insights into consumer behavior, market trends, and operational efficiencies. With a more robust knowledge foundation, your company is better equipped for future global expansion and operations.

Seasonal fluctuations

Seasonal fluctuations can pose challenges for businesses that rely on specific selling seasons. International marketing can help balance these fluctuations by selling products in markets with different seasonal cycles.

For example, a clothing company can sell summer wear in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, effectively doubling the selling season.

By mitigating the impact of seasonal fluctuations, international marketing enhances business resilience, ensuring a more consistent and predictable revenue flow.

Enhanced brand image

Successfully marketing products or services internationally can enhance a brand’s image, increasing its appeal even in the domestic market.

The perception of being an international brand adds prestige and attracts a wider customer base. A strong domestic brand reputation can extend internationally, fostering trust and reliability.

Regulatory benefits

In some cases, international markets may offer better regulatory conditions like tax breaks or reduced tariffs, which can boost profitability. Still, it’s crucial to do your homework and follow local laws to avoid legal trouble and damage to your brand.

Since differing regulations can make or break international marketing success, knowing how to handle them can give your company a competitive edge.

What makes an international marketing strategy

An international marketing strategy serves the same purpose for international expansion as a roadmap does for a journey. It’s a plan that outlines where you want to go, how you’re going to get there, what challenges you might experience along the way, and how you will address them.

And just like with journeys, it’s not impossible to get to your destination without a plan—but you’re much more likely to encounter issues along the way and arrive at your destination later than you had hoped—if you arrive there at all.

That’s why any international marketing endeavor should rest on a solid strategy from the very beginning. Creating an international marketing strategy will be different from one company to another, but it generally involves 3 stages:

• Analysis (diagnosis)
• Choice (guiding policy)
• Execution (coherent action)

Let’s break down these three stages one by one.

Stage 1: Analysis

Result: In-depth understanding of the target market and the best entry strategy.

Goal setting

Establish specific objectives and targets that will guide the development of the international marketing strategy, ensuring alignment with the company’s expansion goals.

Market research

Begin by conducting thorough market research . Gather data on market size, growth potential, customer demographics, and trends. For each target market, understand the cultural nuances and legal requirements, including language, customs, regulations, and any potential barriers to entry.

Competitive analysis

Analyze competitors in the target market. Identify their strengths, weaknesses, market share, and strategies. This will help in positioning your company effectively.

SWOT analysis

Conduct a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) to assess your company’s internal capabilities and external factors that may impact your international expansion.

Market entry assessment

Evaluate various market entry options such as exporting, licensing, joint ventures, or establishing a wholly-owned subsidiary. Select the most suitable entry strategy based on your analysis.

Stage 2: Choice

Result: Clear strategic direction, target audience, value proposition, positioning, pricing, and distribution strategy.

Target market segmentation

Define your target audience within the international market. Segment the market based on demographics, psychographics, and behavioral factors.

Value proposition

Develop a unique value proposition tailored to each target market. Highlight how your product or service meets the specific needs and preferences of the target audience.

Positioning strategy

Determine how you want your brand to be perceived in the international market. Create a market positioning strategy that sets you apart from competitors.

Pricing strategy

Establish a pricing strategy that factors in local market conditions, competitive pricing, and cost considerations. Ensure it aligns with your value proposition.

Distribution and promotion channels

Carefully select the channels for promoting your product to ensure effective reach to your target audience.This may involve partnerships with local distributors or the use of e-commerce platforms.

Stage 3: Execution

Result: Effective implementation of strategy, localization, marketing, sales, monitoring, and risk management for successful expansion.

Localization

Tailor your product, marketing materials, and communication to align seamlessly with the local culture and language. Localization is a nuanced process with many moving parts, including translating content and customizing product features if needed.

Marketing and promotion

Execute marketing campaigns tailored to the international market. This may involve digital marketing, advertising, social media, and other relevant channels.

Implement your chosen distribution strategy. Ensure your product is readily available to customers through your chosen channels.

Continuously monitor the performance of your international marketing efforts. Gather feedback, track key performance indicators (KPIs), and be prepared to make adjustments as needed.

Compliance and risk management

Stay compliant with local laws and regulations. Develop a risk management plan to address potential challenges such as currency fluctuations, political instability, or supply chain disruptions.

DIVE DEEPER

What is localization, and why does it matter?

Find out why localization isn’t the same as translation and how it can support companies in expanding the global footprint of their business.

Explore strategies

International marketing examples to learn from

In the world of international marketing, real-life examples offer valuable lessons. By delving into both successful and unsuccessful international marketing campaigns, businesses can gain precious insights into handling the intricacies of various markets, cultures, and consumer behaviors, helping companies fine-tune their international marketing strategies and steer clear of typical pitfalls along the way.

BMW: Understanding local norms

On the flip side, BMW’s international marketing campaign in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) serves as a cautionary tale. The campaign used the market’s national anthem in a commercial, sparking local complaints and leading to the withdrawal of the campaign. The lesson here is the importance of cultural sensitivity and understanding local norms when crafting international marketing strategies.

Lay’s: Adapting to local tastes

Lay’s potato chips offer another example of successful international marketing. Known by different names like “Walkers,” “Smiths,” “Sabritas,” and “Margarita” in various parts of the world, Lay’s also adapts its flavors to local tastes. For instance, you’ll find ‘Masala’ flavored Lay’s in India and ‘Nori Seaweed’ in Japan. This adaptation to local preferences has helped Lay’s maintain a strong global presence while appealing to local tastes.

Dolce & Gabbana: Cultural sensitivity

Dolce & Gabbana faced significant backlash for a series of ads released in China that were considered culturally insensitive. The ads featured a Chinese model struggling to eat pizza and spaghetti with chopsticks, leading to public outrage and calls for a boycott of the brand. This example underscores the potential pitfalls of not adequately researching and understanding the cultural context of your target markets.

Last updated on December 20, 2023.

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International Marketing

Student resources, review and discussion questions.

Enhance your understanding further with the following review and discussion questions.

Review questions

1. Define culture.

Answer:  Many definitions of culture exist. For example, Hofstede defined culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.”

Basanez (2016) described culture as: “Culture is a context phenomenon, a shared system of meanings. Once a culture is formed, it is transmitted from generation to generation through six agents: family, school, religion, media, leadership, and the law”.

2. Define material culture

Answer:  Material culture: physical elements of a culture such as clothing, food, houses, tools and machines, works of art, buildings

3. Define subjective culture

Answer:  Subjective culture: non-material elements of a culture such as ideas, values, beliefs

4. Describe the various models of cultural differences.

Answer:  Selected models of cultural differences:

• Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions
• GLOBE nine dimensions of culture
• Three cultures world: cultures of joy, cultures of achievement, cultures of honour.

5. How could be the models of cultural differences used in marketing?

Answer:  The models of cultural differences (cultural dimensions) may be used in a number of was in international marketing.

First, such models could be used to familiarise oneself with the culture of a host country. The knowledge of the host culture may be helpful in cross-cultural training of executives, which in turn may ease the transition into the host country when on business assignments. Cultural knowledge is an important factor in overcoming culture shock and may contribute to successful completion of international visits/relocations/business assignments.

Second, cross-cultural dimensions may be helpful in designing creative advertising strategies. If the cultural congruence hypothesis is to be followed, advertising appeals which are congruent (match) with the target culture should be more effective. For example, individualistic societies/consumers should find individualistic appeals more effective than collectivistic appeals but research shows that this is often not so straightforward.

6. What is the difference between cultural-level values and individual-level values?

Answer:  Cultural-level values describe how cultures as societies work, individual-level values are the values held by individuals and may often differ from the cultural-level values.

7. How do individual-level cultural values affect consumer behavior and marketing?

Answer:  Individual-level cultural values drive the many preferences and choices of consumers, especially when the purchases are made for oneself. For example, vegetarians may choose vegetarian options because of their individuals values in some countries, but in other countries this dietary preference is a cultural norm (India).

8. Define cultural imperatives, cultural electives, and cultural exclusives.

Cultural electives : areas of behavior or customs that visitors may wish to, but are not required to, conform to or participate in.

Cultural exclusives : customs or behavior patterns reserved exclusively for the locals and from which the foreigner is barred

Cultural imperatives : the customs and expectations that must be met and conformed to or avoided if international business relationships are to be successful. Define cultures of honor, joy and achievement.

9. Describe consumer culture and global consumer culture.

Answer:  Global consumer culture: globally recognized set of consumption behaviours, values, and brands associated with globalization and global culture

Consumer culture: culture in which consumption and possessions are the primary source of meaning in life.

10. What is psychic distance?

Answer:  Psychic distance: the individual’s subjective perception of the differences between the home country and the foreign country

11. What is cultural distance?

Answer:  Cultural distance: the degree to which cultural values, norms and beliefs in one country are different from those in another country

12. What is the main argument behind ethical relativism?

Answer:  Ethical relativism: ethical values are relative to the norms of one’s culture

13. What is ethical absolutism?

Answer:  Ethical absolutism: there are fundamental values that cross cultures, and companies must uphold them

Discussion questions

1. Discuss the importance of material and subjective culture in international marketing.

Suggested answer content: Material and subjective elements of a culture are equally important in international marketing and in international business. Both aspects of culture affect the behaviour of individuals in the context of consumption as well as marketing activities of international firms.

Material culture includes the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their cultural environment/identity. Those physical objects include, for example, private homes, buildings of public use, cities, works of art, spaces of social gatherings, stores, museums, clothing, food and other material elements of our surroundings.

Material culture influences a number or marketing elements and efforts. For example, the way homes are built has an impact on how they can be furnished and hence influences the design and size of furniture sold in a given country/culture.

Subjective (non-material) culture includes invisible elements of culture such as values, cultural beliefs, or social norms, morals or legal regulations. Subjective culture is an important aspect of international marketing and must be considered in global marketing strategy. For example, legal regulations are elements of subjective cultures that companies must not ignore or avoid. One specific example of legal regulations affecting marketing activities are the restrictions of advertising for cigarettes or alcohol in many countries around the world.

Religious beliefs are important factors which international marketers must consider. ‘Halal’ options of McDonald’s burgers are served in countries where Muslims constitute majority, and some McDonald’s stores in Israel are kosher.

2. Why is culture very important in Business-to-Business marketing? Discuss the importance of power distance and hierarchy in managing B2B marketing relationships.

Suggested answer content: Culture is an important element in both B2B and B2C marketing. However, in B2B marketing, because of the nature of the relationship (usually long-term) between the business partners, two aspects of cross-cultural differences are especially important: power distance and hierarchy.

Power Distance is the degree to which power is distributed in a society and the degree to which inequalities in the distribution of power are accepted. People in some cultures accept a higher degree of unequally distributed power than do people in other cultures. In high Power Distance cultures (Japan, China), the relationship between bosses and subordinates is one of dependence. On the other hand, in low Power Distance cultures (UK, Australia), the relationship between bosses and subordinates is one of interdependence. Hierarchy in high Power Distance cultures in important and obeyed. When business executives from a low Power Distance culture visit business executives from a high Power Distance cultures it is important to make sure the visiting company sends their more senior executives if the meeting is with senior executives of the receiving company.

In a high Power Distance culture cooperation is assumed to be power induced – that is it is possible and accepted that cooperation is forced, on the other hand, in low Power Distance cultures employees are encouraged to cooperate and steps should be taken to avoid coercion but instead use other ways of supporting cooperation.

Respect for senior employees/senior managers is very important in high Power Distance cultures and such respect is demonstrated in meetings – for example, by not challenging the views expressed by senior managers.

Other aspects of culture, such as how to greet one another, the relationship between sexes or how to address others are also important in B2B business relationships.

3. Culture influences international marketing activities, but marketing activities also influence culture. Describe how global brands influence local cultures and discuss the ethical dilemmas of such influence.

Suggested answer content: Global (or foreign) brands are carriers of cultural values and meanings. For example, Nike, a global clothing brand originating in the US, is associated with a number of values such as assertiveness (‘Just Do It’), sports, competition, and individualism. Through the use of marketing communications (for example, advertising) global brands create and communicate a brand image that is associated with certain values and aspirations. Some of these values are positive, others contribute to creating unsustainable lifestyles (materialism). Global brands are sometimes accused of creating artificial, unrealistic and materialistic aspirations.

In addition, some global brands are accused of unethical practices. For example, Nike sources its products from developing countries where working conditions are not always met in the factories that supply Nike products. For example, one newspaper article ( https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/20/burhanwazir.theobserver ) reported that Nike tolerated low wages and difficult working conditions in its factories in Asia.

4. Discuss to what extent ‘Buy National’ (for example, ‘Buy British’) campaigns are effective and for which product categories would they be most successful?

Suggested answer content: ‘Buy National’ campaigns target the heart of ethnocentric consumers – those who prefer products manufactured in their home countries to products manufactured in foreign countries. However, ‘Buy National’ campaigns can also be effective with consumers who care about where the products come from, especially food products.

Research however shows that the effectiveness of Buy National campaigns is low (e.g., http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2017/05/11/the-ineffectiveness-of-buy-british-campaigns/ )

5. Describe global culture. Do you think a truly global culture exists? In what way has technology helped the emergence of global cultural patterns?

Suggested answer content: Some sociologists suggest that in the process of globalization, a global culture in which cultural diversity is replaced with cultural convergence, similarity and standardization is emerging There are many examples of cultural convergence of consumer tastes, for example the popularity of some products such as the iPhone (or smartphone in general), coffee, pizza, the popularity of celebrity chefs around the world. On the other hand some evidence exist that cultures are difficult to change and the change process is slow. Cultures are interacting but cultural values remain stable.

Technology helps to spread some cultural trends (e.g. Netflix, advertising, low cost flights, mass tourism). The exchange of information, availability of media or faster and cheaper transportation means helps people from various countries to interact with one another and exchange views, opinions and values.

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International Marketing Practice Exam Questions!

Different strategies are suitable for different companies depending on their particular situation.  This is articulated by the “EPRG Framework”.  What are the four options of the EPRG Framework?

Ethno Policies, Private Polies, Racial Policies, Geography

Ethnocentrism, Polycentrism, Regiocentrism, Geocentrism

Energy, Privacy, Real-World, Giggity

Ethnocentrism, Polycentrism, Racialism, Governmental

Rate this question:

For any company looking to expand internationally, be it first-time exporter or a major mltinational, a fundamental question has been, and continues to be:

New Market, New Product

New Market, Same Product

The extent to which the marketing mix should or can be standardized across the countries in which the firm operates

European and Japanese managers have been “thinking international” from the outset (beginning).

Within the firm, it is primarily the ________ or _________ managers who argue for standardization for the sake of economies of scale..

Production, Finance

Marketing, Distribution

Logistic, Manufacturer

Primary, Secondary

The process of international market selection is typically done by using _________ to enable a quick and relatively low-cost overview of as many markets as possible.

Quantitative data

Secondary data

Primary data

All of the above

Ethnocentrism can simply be defined as:

Developing a simple diverse strategy for new markets

Develop one strategy for all countries worldwide

Use everywhere the same strategy as at home.

Being ethnically centred on a global scale

An overall strategy that involves the firm pouring all of its available resources into one or a select few markets is knows as:

Maximum investment strategy

Sprinkler Strategy

Waterfall Strategy

Standardization

All of the following are actual modes of market-entry EXCEPT:

Franchising

__________ suggests spreading the company’s resources in order to gain even small footholds across as many markets as possible

Direct Exporting

Agent Intermediaries

Conditions that may encourage an organization in a domestic environment to expand are:

Market Saturation, Slow Population, Growth, Product Adolescence

Factors related to the firm's industrial sector, or to the company itself and its products

A unique product with a strong competitive advantage, a forward-looking managerial philosophy, corporate objectives calling for rapid growth, as well as as of the right of talents and skills for international operations

_________ usually means that the company sells to a customer in another country, be it an intermediary or an end-customer.

Indirect exporting

Cross selling

Which of the following alternative market entry modes offers the least risk?

Strategic International Alliance

Contract Manufacturing

Mergers and Acquistions

Which of the following alternative market entry modes offers the most control and risk?

Strategic Alliance

______________ are a partnership of two or more companies that join forces to create a separate legal entity.

International Joint Ventures

International Consortia

Mergers and Acquisitions

Co-Branding

An unconscious reference to one’s own culterual values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions.

Self-Reference Criterion

Pro Globalist

Tolerance Effect

For managers selling capital equipment and big-ticket industrial services, understanding the concept of ________ demand is absolutely fundamental to their sucess.

The concept of quality encompasses many factors, and the perception of quality rests solely with the _____________., iso 9000 concerns the registration and certification of a manufacturer's ___________..

Quality systems

The __________ measures customers' satisfaction and perceptions of quality of a representative sample of U.S goods and services.

The ability to match the acceptable behaviour, norms, and values is called a product's:.

Relative advantage

Compatibility

Trial-ability

One of the early problems faced by BMW when it attempted to market its line of automobiles in the United States was a severe shortage of spare parts.  If BMW's management makes the decision to correct this problem, in which of the following components of the product component model would management need to make improvement?

Core component

Functional component

Support services component

First stage component

How do the vast majority of services enter a foreign market?

Licensing, Franchising, or Direct Investment

A successful _______ is the most valuable resource a company has.

Marketing Campaign

Any influence that the company of manufacture, assembly, or design has on a consumer's positive or negative perception of a product is called the:

Polar effect

Alteration effect

Country-of-origin effect

Transferation effect

The foundation of the Japaense distribution system is the:

Small retailer

Big retailer

Web sales are characterized as having which of the following challenging aspects?

Delivery of goods

Discounts for volume purchase

Consumer loyalty

If you were a marketer looking for a unique way to enter a foreign market that would by-pass most entry barriers, you would choose:

Sports event advertising

Merchant intermediaries

Carrot munching

Direct sales through catalogues

Which of the following external intermediaries does not take title to the goods that they process?

Export merchants

Trading companies

Agent intermediaries

James Bond is looking for an intermediary that specialies in researching foreign markets for a client's products.  Additionally, he would like this intermediary to handle all the routine details of getting his products to the foreign customers that he anticipates he will have during the next business year.  Which of the following would be the best choice for Mr. Bond if he wants to meet his objectives?

Export management company

Import management company

____________ is a term used to identify concern with the environmental consequences of a variety of marketing activities.

The process by which innovation spreads throughout a population is called product ___________., the american cusomter satisfaction index (acsi) measures customers' satisfaction and perceptions of ___________ of a representative sample of u.s. goods and services., trading companies accumulate, transport, and __________ goods from many countries., __________  do not take title to the products they handle and represent the principal rather than themselves.  they work on commission and arrange for sales (or purchase).  the producer assumes trading risk but maintains the right to establish policy guidelines and prices and to require its agents to provide sales records and customer information, ____________ take title and buy and sell on their own account.  they take product ownership and assume the trading risks, so they are less controllable than agent intermediaries.  because they are concerned primarily with sales and profit margins on merchandise they own, they are criticized for not representing the producer’s best interests., as global retailers like idea, costco, toys “r” us, or wal-mart expand their global coverage, they are becoming major _________ for international markets.

Domestic intermediaries

International intermediaries

Globally renowned

Works on commission and becomes an integral part of the marketing operations of its clients It functions as a low-cost, independent marketing department with direct responsibility to the parent firm Manage the r-5 P’s for the manufacturer abroad

Export Management Company (EMC)

Import Management Company (IMC)

Sexport Management Company (SMC)

Trading Company

The MEA is an individual or firm providing a selling service for manufacturers The MEA operates only on a commission bases The MEA’s do business in their own names rather than in the name of the client

Mea stands for manufacturer export agent, a _______________ is a variety of intermediaries performing low-cost agent services the term is typically implied as import-export brokers (intermediary function of bringing buyers and sellers together and who do not have a continuing relationship with their clients) most of them specialize in one or more product lines, in which they are expert and have global contacts, a ________________ is a company set up in a foreign country that can obtain a corporate tax exemption on a portion of the earnings generated by the sale or lease of export property, ________________  purchase goods from a large number of manufacturers, ship them to foreign countries, and take full responsibility for their marketing., which of the following international intermediaries often has exclusive sales rights in a specific country and works in close cooperation with the manufacturer.

Foreign-country broker

Managing agent

Foreign distributor

Distribution channels vary depending on which of the following?

Target market size

Competition

Available distribution intermediaries

There are 5 C's in the distribution channel, what are they?

Consistency

Which country has more retailers than the rest of the world combined?

Which of the following c's must be considered if the company is to achieve the optimum volume of sales, secure a reasonable market share, and gain satisfactory market penetration, which of the following c's must be considered with regard to ownership of the sales force and distribution system, canada is the only g8 country that does not have _________ of any kind..

24-hour rule

Port security

B2B legislation

Free trade zones

A ___________ is a tax-free enclave in which imported goods can be stored or processed.  It is alsonot considered part of the country as far as import and other regulations are concerned

Free trade zone

Port storage centre

Corporate housing unit

Manufacturing den

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