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Senior secondary solved [tma] 2023-24.

CHEMISTRY (313)

Tutor Marked Assignment

Click to Buy NIOS Chemistry (313) Solved TMA (2023-24) PDF

Max. Marks: 20

(i)All questions are compulsory. The marks allotted for each question are given at same place.

(ii) Write your name, enrollment number, Al name and subject on the top of the first page of the answer sheet.

1. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

(a) Identify the group and valency of the element having atomic number 119. Also, predict the outermost electronic configuration and write the general formula of its oxide. (See Lesson-3)

Ans - Element 119 belongs to the alkali metal group, with a valency of +1. Its outermost electronic configuration would likely be [Xe] 7s^1. The general formula of its oxide would be X2O.

(b) Electron gain enthalpy of chlorine has more negative value as compared to that of fluorine (F), explain the reason. (See Lesson-3)

Ans - Answer Anyone

2. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

(a) How do metallic and ionic substances differ in conducting electricity? (See Lesson-3)

Ans -  Metallic substances conduct electricity due to the presence of delocalized electrons that can move freely within the lattice. In contrast, ionic substances conduct electricity when their ions are mobile, typically in molten or aqueous forms, allowing for the flow of charged particles.

(b) What is a unit cell? How many atoms are there in a FCC unit cell? (See Lesson-6)

3. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words. 

(a) The enthalpy change for the transition of liquid water to steam at temperature 373K is 40.8 UJ mol-1. Calculate the entropy change for the process. (See Lesson-10)

(b) Name two factors which favor a spontaneous reaction. (See Lesson-10)

4. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words.

(a) Define water pollution; list any three anthropogenic sources of water/pollution (See Lesson-32)

(b) A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.

(i) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?

(ii) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially? (See Lesson-11)

5. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words.

(a) Write the name of any one metal which can be refined by distillation method. (See Lesson-16)

(b) Describe the electrolytic refining method with labeled diagram of copper metal. Write the name of metal which is settled as anode mud. (See Lesson-16)

Why are chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and manganese oxide (Mn3O4) reduced by aluminium metal power instead of carbon? Write the name of that process and chemical equations related to reduction of above metal oxides. (See Lesson-16)

6. Prepare any one of the project out of two given below in about 500 words.

(a) You have visited a hospital of you town. You have found that some people were suffering from higher, and some have minor injuries, while you are also patient of hyper acidity and cold. Doctors prescribed different medicines to all the patients.

(i) What are the names of antipyretic drugs? (One drug)

(ii) Write the name of an antiseptic medicine.

(iii) Names of two antacids?

(iv) Write the name of one antihistamine.

(v) Quinine is the very common medicine of which type of fever?

(vi) What type of damage to body is possible if you are using phenol more than 1%  concentrate?

(b) Visit the nearby treatment process of Sewage and collect the following knowledge/ information.

(i) How many stages are there of treatment of waste water?

(ii) What is coagulation?

(iii) What is substance?

(iv) What is softening?

(v) Which is used as disinfectant to kill bacteria?

(vi) How chlorine produces toxic and potentially active carcinogens?

***********************

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NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Question Paper 2023 with Answer Key pdf (Set A - OSS) is available for download here. The exam was conducted by National Institute of Open Schooling on April 19, 2023 in the Afternoon Session 2.30 PM to 5.30 PM. The question paper comprised a total of 30 questions.

NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Question Paper 2023 with Answer Key (Set A - OSS)

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NIOS TMA ASSIGNMENT CHEMISTRY (313) SOLVED PAPER – (2023-24)| SENIOR SECONDARY| ENGLISH MEDIUM

NIOS TMA ASSIGNMENT CHEMISTRY (313) SOLVED PAPER – (2023-24)| SENIOR SECONDARY| ENGLISH MEDIUM

Assignment (tma) - 2023-24 chemistry (313) tutor marked assignment max. marks: 20.

Note:  (i) All questions are compulsory. The marks allotted for each question are given at same place.

(ii) Write your name, enrollment number, Al name and subject on the top of the first page of the answer sheet.

हिंदी माध्यम:   यहां क्लिक करें

1. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words. 2

(a) Identify the group and valency of the element having atomic number 119. Also, predict the outermost electronic configuration and write the general formula of its oxide. (See Lesson-3)

Ans:- The present arrangement of the long form of periodic table can accommodate a maximum of 118 elements. Thus, according to Aufbau principle, the 8s - orbital will be filled. In other words, the 119th electron will enter the 8s - orbital. Thus, its outermost electronic configuration will be 8s 1

Since, it has only one electron in its valence shell, i.e., 8s. Hence its valency will be 1 and it will be in group IA with alkali metals and the formula of its oxide will be i will M 2 O where M denotes the element.

(b) Electron gain enthalpy of chlorine has more negative value as compared to that of fluorine (F), explain the reason. (See Lesson-3)

Ans:- The electron gain enthalpy of chlorine is more negative than that of fluorine, and this is because:

The size of the atom plays an important role in determining electron gain enthalpy. As we go down a group in the periodic table, the atomic size increases. Fluorine (F) is the first element of the halogen group and has a smaller atomic size than chlorine (Cl), which is the second element of the group.

The reasons why chlorine has a more negative electron gain enthalpy than fluorine are:-

(i) Atomic size: The smaller atomic size of fluorine leads to stronger electron-electron repulsion in the 2p subshell, making it more difficult to accommodate the extra electron. In contrast, the larger atomic size of chlorine allows the 3p subshell to better accommodate the incoming electron, resulting in a more negative electron gain enthalpy.

(ii) Nuclear charge: As the atomic number increases from fluorine to chlorine, the nuclear charge also increases. This increased nuclear charge in chlorine provides a stronger attractive force for the incoming electron, making the electron gain enthalpy more negative.

(iii) Shielding effect: In fluorine, the incoming electron has to overcome the strong shielding effect of the 1s and 2s electrons, whereas in chlorine, the incoming electron experiences relatively weaker shielding effect from the 1s, 2s and 3s electrons. This makes it easier for the incoming electron to be accommodated in chlorine, resulting in a more negative electron gain enthalpy.

In short, the larger atomic size, stronger nuclear charge and weaker shielding effect in chlorine as compared to fluorine contribute to giving chlorine a more negative electron gain enthalpy.

2. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words. 2

(a) How do metallic and ionic substances differ in conducting electricity? (See Lesson-3)

Ans:- Metals and ionic substances differ in their ability to conduct electricity as follows:-

Metals conduct electricity due to the mobility of electrons, while the conductivity of ionic compounds is due to the mobility of ions.

Specifically:-

(i) Metals:

Metals are good conductors of electricity because they have a high density of free electrons that can move freely through the metal lattice.

Metals conduct electricity in their solid state.

(ii) Ionic compounds:

Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state because the ions are tightly bound and cannot move freely.

Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water, because the ions become mobile and capable of carrying electric current.

In short, the main difference is that metals conduct electricity via freely-moving electrons, whereas ionic compounds require the mobility of their constituent ions to conduct electricity, which occurs only in the molten or aqueous state.

(b) What is a unit cell? How many atoms are there in a FCC unit cell? (See Lesson-6)

Ans:- The unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that defines the structure of a crystal. It contains all the information needed to construct the entire crystal by repeating the unit cell in three dimensions.

Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Unit Cell:

A face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cell contains a total of 4 atoms:-

(i) 1 atom at each of the 8 corners (8 × 1/8 = 1 full atom)

(ii) 1 atom at the center of each of the 6 faces (6 × 1/2 = 3 full atoms)

Therefore, the total number of atoms in an FCC unit cell is 4.

3. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words. 2

(a) The enthalpy change for the transition of liquid water to steam at temperature 373K is 40.8 UJ mol -1 . Calculate the entropy change for the process. (See Lesson-10)

Ans:- The entropy change (ΔS) for the transition from liquid water to steam at 373 K can be calculated using the following formula:-

ΔS = ΔH / T

ΔH is the enthalpy change for the transition (given as 40.8 kJ mol-1)

T is the absolute temperature (373 K)

Plugging the values ​​in:-

ΔS = (40.8 kJ mol-1) / (373 K)

ΔS = 109.38 J K-1 mol-1

Therefore, the entropy change for the transition from liquid water to steam at 373 K is 109.38 J K-1 mol-1.

(b) Name two factors which favor a spontaneous reaction. (See Lesson-10)

Ans:- According to the findings, the two main factors that determine the spontaneity of a reaction are:-

(i) Enthalpy (ΔH)

Enthalpy is the total heat content of the system.

If a reaction is exothermic (ΔH is negative), it is spontaneous, as it decreases the energy of the system.

(ii) Entropy (ΔS)

Entropy is a measure of the randomness or disorder in a system.

If a reaction increases entropy (ΔS is positive), it is spontaneous, as it increases the disorder of the system.

The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) combines these two factors:-

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

For a reaction to be spontaneous, ΔG must be negative, which occurs when ΔH is negative (exothermic) and ΔS is positive (increase in entropy).

To summarize, the two major factors that promote spontaneous reactions are:-

(i) Negative enthalpy change (ΔH < 0, exothermic)

(ii) Positive entropy change (ΔS > 0, increase in disorder)

4. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words. 4

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NIOS Class 12th Chemistry (313): NIOS TMA Solution

(i) All questions are compulsory. The marks allotted for each question are given at same place.

(ii) Write your name, enrollment number, Al name and subject on the top of the first page of the answer sheet.

1. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words

(a) Identify the group and valency of the element having atomic number 119. Also, predict the outermost electronic configuration and write the general formula of its oxide.

Answer- Based on the atomic number 119, this element is known as Ununennilium (symbol Uue), which is a temporary and unstable element. Its external electronic configuration or electron configuration is not known because it is a temporary and unstable element, and its external electronic configuration is undefined. There is no general rule for its electronic structure as it is an experimental element, and its properties can vary over time.

(b) Electron gain enthalpy of chlorine has more negative value as compared to that of fluorine (F), explain the reason.

Answer- The electron gain enthalpy (electron affinity) of chlorine is more negative compared to that of fluorine because chlorine has a higher atomic number, which means it has more protons in its nucleus. This higher proton count results in a stronger attractive force for incoming electrons, making it easier for chlorine to accept an additional electron. This is why the electron gain enthalpy of chlorine is more negative than that of fluorine.

2. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

(a) How do metallic and ionic substances differ in conducting electricity?

Answer- In electrical conduction, there are significant differences between metallic and ionic substances. Metallic substances conduct electricity through the movement of free electrons within a conductive path. On the other hand, ionic substances conduct electricity by facilitating the movement of ions through chemical reactions, which alter their electrical properties. Metallic substances serve as electrical conductors, while ionic substances play a crucial role in processes such as ion transport and electrochemical reactions.

(b) What is a unit cell? How many atoms are there in a FCC unit cell

Answer – A unit cell is the smallest repeating structural unit that cannot be further subdivided. In an FCC (Face-Centered Cubic) unit cell, there are 4 atoms. Each atom is located at the corners of a cube, and an additional atom is located at the center of each of the 6 faces. The FCC unit cell is primarily found in the crystalline structure of metallic elements.

3. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

(a) The enthalpy change for the transition of liquid water to steam at temperature 373K is 40.8 UJ mol- 1 . Calculate the entropy change for the process.

Answer – For the vaporization of water at 373K, with a given enthalpy change (ΔH) of 40.8 UJ/mol, the entropy change (ΔS) can be calculated using the formula:

ΔS = ΔH / T

ΔS = (40.8 UJ/mol) / (373 K) = 0.109 UJ/(mol·K)

For this process, the entropy change for water vaporization is 0.109 UJ/(mol·K).

(b) Name two factors which favor a spontaneous reaction.

Answer- Two factors that favor a spontaneous reaction are:

• Negative Gibbs Free Energy (∆G): A reaction with a negative change in Gibbs free energy (∆G) is spontaneous. When ∆G is negative, it indicates that the products have lower free energy than the reactants, and the reaction will proceed without requiring external energy input.
• Increased Entropy (S): An increase in entropy (∆S) favors spontaneity. If a reaction results in a higher degree of disorder or randomness, it is more likely to be spontaneous as nature tends towards greater disorder.

4. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words.

(a) Define water pollution; list any three anthropogenic sources of water/pollution

Answer – Definition of Water Pollution: Water pollution is a type of pollution in which there is an undesirable change in water sources, resulting in a reduction in water quality or an adverse impact on the use of water.

Three human-made sources of water pollution:

• Industrial Pollution: Pollution is generated from various industrial processes, industrial units, and factories. It includes different forms of chemical industrial pollution, as well as pollution from activities like mining and mineral extraction.
• Agricultural Pollution: Pollution originates from agriculture, including the use of chemicals for crop control and excessive use of water resources.
• Urban Services Pollution: Water pollution in urban areas comes from domestic and industrial sources, including sewage, sanitation, and the discharge of pollutants into natural water bodies.

(b) A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.

(1) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?

Answer- The initial impact of a sudden increase in the volume of a sealed container containing a liquid with its vapor in equilibrium at a constant temperature will depend on how the change in container volume is accompanied:

• If the container’s volume increases, but the amount of liquid inside remains the same, there will be no initial effect on vapor pressure. The amount of vapor and pressure will remain unchanged.
• If the container’s volume increases, and the amount of liquid is also increased (additional liquid is added to the container), there will be an initial impact on vapor pressure. This can result in an increase in vapor pressure due to the addition of more liquid, affecting its specific qualities and characteristics.

(ii) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?

Answer – When the volume of a sealed container suddenly increases at a certain temperature, the initial effect on vapor pressure can be an increase. This may be due to changes in the balance between the speed and pressure of the vapor in your confined liquid with the sudden change in the container’s volume.

5. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words.

(a) Write the name of any one metal which can be refined by distillation method

Answer- One of the most well-known metals that can be extracted through the dissolution process (known as leaching) is “Gold.” Gold is a noble, precious metal that can be separated from ore through the dissolution method.

The distinctive feature of gold is that it can be easily leached in a solution made with air, water, and a weak acid. This results in the creation of a gold solution or a gold-bearing solution. Subsequently, gold can be recovered from this solution by boiling it and separating the gold from the solution with the help of air or other suitable reagents, resulting in the precipitation of gold.

Due to its historical significance and its appeal to royalty and nobility, gold has played a vital role throughout history and continues to be essential in jewelry and financial transactions. The various methods of gold leaching have been developed and perfected over time to extract gold efficiently and economically from its ores.

(b) Describe the electrolytic refining method with labeled diagram of copper metal. Write the name of metal which is settled as anode mud.

Answer- The electrical deposition of copper is a scientifically understood process known as electroplating, in which copper compounds like copper sulfate or copper nitrate are electrolyzed to separate copper into different components.

In this process, a copper electrode, often referred to as the “cathode,” is placed in an extremely concentrated aqueous solution. The other electrode, an “anode,” is often made of an inert metal.

When the electroplating process begins, copper is deposited on the suitable metal (cathode) while impurities or rarefied elements in the solution collect naturally in the anode.

The copper is then removed and cleaned, and it can be obtained in a metallic form for various applications.

Why are chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) and manganese oxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) reduced by aluminium metal power instead of carbon? Write the name of that process and chemical equations related to reduction of above metal oxides

Answer- The process of reducing chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) and manganese oxide (MnO₄) by aluminum (Al) powder instead of carbon is known as the “Thermite Process” or “Thermite Reduction.” In this process, chromium and manganese oxides are reacted with aluminum at high temperatures, resulting in the reduction of chromium and manganese. The thermite equations are as follows:

Chromium Oxide Reduction: 2Cr₂O₃ + 4Al → 3Cr + 2Al₂O₃

Manganese Oxide Reduction: 3MnO₄ + 4Al → 3Mn + 2Al₂O₃

The thermite process occurs at high temperatures and rapidly increasing pressure. As a result, it leads to the reduction of chromium and manganese, allowing them to be obtained in their metallic form with high quality. The thermite process is often used in various industries and applications where high heat and metal reduction are required.

6. Prepare any one of the project out of two given below in about 500 words

(a) You have visited a hospital of you town. You have found that some people were suffering from higher, and some have minor injuries, while you are also patient of hyper acidity and cold. Doctors prescribed different medicines to all the patients.

(i) What are the names of antipyretic drugs? (One drug)

Answer- “Antipyretic medications,” also known as “fever-reducing drugs,” are used to treat viral fevers (such as influenza and dengue) or bacterial fevers (such as malaria). Some of the prominent names among them include:

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen): It helps in reducing the symptoms of fever and controlling body temperature.

Aspirin: Aspirin is used to relieve fever and pain, but it should not be taken by children and pregnant women.

Ibuprofen: It can help reduce fever and inflammation.

Please note that these medications should only be taken under the advice of a doctor and it is essential to use them in the correct dosage. Consult your healthcare provider for personalized health-related guidance.

(ii) Write the name of an antiseptic medicine.

Answer- The name of an antiseptic medication is “Antiseptic.” Antiseptics are a type of medication designed to protect against infections caused by bacteria, microorganisms, and other pathogens. These medications are available in various forms, such as solutions, creams, ointments, and liquid antiseptics. Antiseptic medications are commonly used in hospitals, clinics, and medical settings to prevent the spread of infections. They are prescribed by healthcare professionals to help in the prevention of bacterial infections and to maintain personal health and hygiene by providing protection against various disease-causing organisms.

(iii) Names of two antacids?

Answer- Two antacids/antacid medications are:

• Ranitidine : This is an antacid medication that helps in reducing excessive acidity in the stomach. It belongs to the H2-receptor antagonists class of drugs and is used in the treatment of conditions like peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other stomach-related disorders.
• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): These antacid medications include drugs like Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Rabeprazole, and Pantoprazole. They are used to reduce excessive stomach acidity and are employed in the treatment of conditions such as peptic ulcers, gastritis, and esophagitis.

These medications are used to alleviate symptoms of stomach acidity and related disorders, but it is essential to use them under a doctor’s guidance and follow their prescribed directions.

(iv) Write the name of one antihistamine.

Answer- A prominent physicist named “Navel Armstrong” is associated with an antiparticle. He made significant contributions to the field of science in the 20th century. He was known for his research in electromagnetism, electrical conductivity, and various types of radiation. In 1904, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on electrical conductivity. He made important discoveries in the field of physics and is remembered for his contributions to the scientific community.

(v) Quinine is the very common medicine of which type of fever?

Answer- Cinnarizine is a widely used medication that is used to treat migraine. It is an anti-dopaminergic and antihistamine drug, meaning it can modify brain chemistry and reduce anxiety, helping to control migraine headaches. Cinnarizine is used to alleviate the symptoms of migraine and associated distress and confusion.

(vi) What type of damage to body is possible if you are using phenol more than 1% concentrate

Answer- The use of phenol concentration greater than 1% in the body can cause significant harm. Phenol is a toxic and highly corrosive chemical that, when present in excessive concentrations, can be detrimental to health. It can damage organs such as the kidneys, brain, and other body tissues, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and an increased risk of cancer. High concentrations of phenol in the body are not safe for health.

(b) Visit the nearby treatment process of Sewage and collect the following knowledge/ information.

(i) How many stages are there of treatment of waste water?

Answer- The treatment of wastewater, especially municipal and industrial wastewater, involves a four-stage process:

• Primary Treatment: In this stage, wastewater is collected, and large solids are separated through physical processes like sedimentation.
• Secondary Treatment: After primary treatment, the partially treated water undergoes biological processes that break down organic matter and remove dissolved and suspended solids.
• Tertiary Treatment : This stage further purifies the water through advanced physical and chemical processes, reducing contaminants like nutrients and pathogens.
• Quaternary Treatment: If necessary, treated water may be safely discharged or reused for various purposes, following appropriate safety measures.

These four stages ensure that wastewater is effectively and safely treated before its final discharge or reuse.

(ii) What is coagulation?

Answer- Skanda, also known as Kartikeya or Murunga, is an important deity in Indian mythology and Hinduism. He is considered the son of Goddess Parvati and Lord Shiva and is often depicted with his four consorts: Sati, Uma, Chandrakala, and Vaishnavi. Skanda is also known by various names and titles, such as Kartikeya, Murunga, and Shanduka. He is revered as the god of war, wisdom, and strength, and is often associated with attributes like bravery, valour, and the destroyer of evil forces.

(iii) What is substance?

Answer- A substance, in essence, is a physical or chemical entity that comprises the fundamental constituents of all matter in the universe, including elements and compounds. Substances can exist in various states, such as solid, liquid, or gas, and they possess unique properties, including gravity, thermal conductivity, atomic structure, and molecular quality. In the realm of material science, the analysis and study of substances play a vital role, as they are fundamental to both physics and chemistry.

(iv) What is softening?

Answer- “Softening” is a process aimed at making a material, such as fabric or cloth, soft, pliable, and flexible. It is done to enhance the comfort and usability of the material, often in the production of comfortable clothing, dyeing processes, and the manufacturing of consumer products. Softening works by subjecting the material to the influence of heat and moisture, which can impart flexibility and comfort to the material, making it more pliable and user-friendly.

(v) Which is used as disinfectant to kill bacteria?

Answer-  To kill bacteria, antibiotics are used as bactericides, which specifically target and destroy certain types of bacteria. These antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth and division, affecting their life processes, ultimately causing their death. Antibiotics are employed in the treatment of various infections, including bacterial infections. Examples of antibiotics include penicillin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and more, and they play a crucial role in medical treatment by combating bacterial infections.

(vi) How chlorine produces toxic and potentially active carcinogens?

Answer- Chlorine can produce chlorinated and potentially reactive carcinogens. An example of this was demonstrated in the past when scientists like Dyestuff reacted chlorine with carbon tetrachloride to synthesize formaldehyde (CH₂O). In this process, chlorine reacts with carbon to produce formaldehyde as a result. The chlorinated compounds generated can be toxic and potentially carcinogenic, with formaldehyde being one of the substances linked to cancer.

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NIOS Class 12th Chemistry English Medium Solve Assignment (TMA) 2021

 chemistry (313), tutor marked assignment, max.marks: 20.

1. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

(b) Although the size of sulfur is smaller than phosphorous first ionization enthalpy of phosphorous is more than sulfur. Why?

> Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from Neutral gaseous electrons.

> Across period, in a periodic table from left to right LE, should increase.

> Third-period elements are  Na, Mg. Al, Si, P, S, CI, Ar 

> Order of LE in the third period: NacMg>Aksi<P<S<CI<Ar

> third-period element with the highest ionization energy is argon due to stable Octet configuration.

• Case 1: Mg has more LE than AL. Mg,>AI

> due to its stable ns2 configuration of Mg. In  

> P has more LE than sulfur (S) because phosphorous has a half-filled p subshell in its valence shell that gives extra stability and hence more energy is required to remove the electron.

2. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

(b) What type of semiconductor obtained when Si or Ge are doped with elements of group 13 such as B or Al and why?

> The addition small amount of foreign impurity in the host crystal is called Doping

> It results in an increase in the electrical conductivity of the crystal.

> Doping of group 14 elements (such as Si, Ge, etc.) with elements of group 15 (such as As) produces an excess of electrons in the crystals.

> Thus, It gives n-type semiconductors.

> Doping of groups 14 elements with group 13 elements (such as Indium) Produces holes (electron deficiency) in the crystals.

> Thus, p-type semiconductors are produced.

> The symbol p’ indicates the flow of positive charge.

3. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

(a) Explain with example reversible and irreversible reactions.

4. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.

(a) (i) What is the relationship between the standard Gibbs energy change and the equilibrium constant of the reaction.

(ii) Differentiate between physical and chemical adsorptions.

Ans- (i) What is the relationship between the standard Gibbs energy change and the equilibrium constant of the reaction.

> The free energy change of the reaction in any state, ∆G (when equilibrium has not been attained) is related to the standard free energy change of the reaction, ∆G0 (which is equal to the difference in free energies of formation of the products and reactants both in their standard states) according to the equation.

∆G = ∆G⁰ + RT InQ.

• Where Q is the reaction quotient

  > When equilibrium is attained, there is no further free energy change i.e. ∆G = 0, and Q becomes equal to the equilibrium constant. Hence the above equation Becomes.

∆G⁰ = -RT in k(eq)

Or ∆G⁰ = -2.303 RT log K(eq)

> In the case of galvanic cells. Gibbs energy change AG is related to the electrical work done by the cell.

∆G= – nFE(cell)

• Where n = no. of moles of electrons involved
• F= the Faraday constant
• E = emf of the cell

  > If reactants and products are in their standard states

∆G 0 = – nFE (cell)

5. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words.

(b) Identify the Vitamins in each case whose deficiency causes the following symptom.

(i) Anaemia

(ii) Depression

(iii) Dry skin

(iv) Osteomalacia

(2) Give Two examples of artificial sweetening agents.

Ans- Anemia:

> Vitamin deficiency anemia happens when there are fewer healthy red blood cells in the body than normal. This condition caused by a lack of vitamins. The risk of developing vitamin deficiency anemia increases with age and during pregnancy.

• What is vitamin deficiency anemia?

  > Vitamin deficiency anemia occurs when the body has fewer healthy red blood cells than is normal. Red blood cells help deliver oxygen to organs and tissues all over the body. When you don’t have enough red blood cells, your body does not get the amount of oxygen it needs.

• How common is vitamin deficiency anemia?

  > The risk of developing vitamin deficiency anemia gets higher as you grow older. Pregnant women are at a higher risk for developing the condition because their bodies need more vitamins during pregnancy.

• v    What causes vitamin deficiency anemia?

  > A lack of any one of several vitamins – B12, folate (also known as folic acid). or vitamin C – causes vitamin deficiency anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is a type of vitamin deficiency anemia that specifically involves a lack of vitamin B12 or folate.

• What are the symptoms of vitamin deficiency anemia?

  > Symptoms of vitamin deficiency anemia are often mild, In many cases, people only discover they have the condition when a doctor tests them for another condition. Other people may develop symptoms that include: 

• Depression: 

  > Vitamin A deficiency can result from inadequate intake, fat malabsorption, or liver disorders. Deficiency impairs immunity and hematopoiesis and causes rashes and typical ocular effects (eg, xerophthalmia, night blindness). Diagnosis based on typical ocular findings and low vitamin A levels. Treatment consists of vitamin A given orally or, if symptoms are severe or malabsorption is the cause, parenterally.

• Prolonged dietary deprivation

  > Keratinization of the skin and of the mucous membranes in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts can occur. Drying, scaling, and follicular thickening of the skin and respiratory infections can result.

• Key Points:

  > Vitamin A deficiency usually results from dietary deficiency, as occurs in areas where rice, devoid of beta-carotene, is the staple food, but it may result from disorders that interfere with the absorption, storage, or transport of vitamin but

  > Vitamin D deficiency: There are several other important functions of vitamin D for your overall health. One may experience different symptoms due to vitamin D deficiency. Some symptoms are visible on your skin like dry skin.   > Vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin is known for maintaining the health of your bones and teeth. This vitamin helps in the absorption of calcium you get from your diet. It offers several other benefits like supporting immunity, the health of a nervous system, diabetes management, better lung, and cardiovascular health, and much more.   > Certain surgeries: Normally, the stomach breaks down food to release calcium and other minerals that are absorbed in the intestine. This process is disrupted if you have surgery to remove part or all of your stomach or to bypass your small intestine and can result in vitamin D and calcium deficiency.

  > Celiac disease: In this autoimmune disorder, foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, can damage the lining of your small intestine. A damaged intestinal lining doesn’t absorb nutrients well and can lead to vitamin D and calcium deficiency.

  > Kidney or liver disorders: These organs are involved in activating vitamin D in your body. Problems with your kidneys or liver can affect your body’s ability to make active vitamin D.

  > Drugs: Some drugs used to treat seizures, including phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) and phenobarbital, can cause severe vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia.

6. Visit the nearby treatment process of Sewage and collect the following knowledge/ information.

(i) How many stages are there of treatment of wastewater?

(ii) What is coagulation?

(iii) What is substance?

(iv) What is softening?

(v) Which is used as a disinfectant to kill bacteria?

(vi) How chlorine produces toxic and potential carcinogens?

• How many stages are there of treatment of wastewater?

  > Drinking water treatment ponds

  > Stormwater treatment ponds

  > Municipal wastewater treatment ponds

• What is coagulation?
• Advantages:

  > Simplicity and cost-effectiveness

  > Separates many kind of particles from water

  > Enhances filtration process

  > Uses abundant and low cost chemicals

  > Physical processes for mechanical preparation such as aeration, sedimentation or thermal influence. This also includes the use of screens, filters, and sieves.

  > Biological processes such as anaerobic wastewater treatment, biochemical oxidation or sludge digestion.

  > Chemical processes such as neutralization, disinfection, flocculation, and precipitation.

  > Membrane processes such as filtration, osmosis, and nanofiltration.

• What is softening?
• Step 1: Screening and Pumping

  > The incoming wastewater passes through screening equipment where objects such as rags, wood fragments, plastics, and grease are removed. The material removed is washed and pressed and disposed of in a landfill. The screened wastewater is then pumped to the next step: grit removal. 

• Step 2: Grit Removal

  > In this step, heavy but fine material such as sand and gravel is removed from the wastewater. This material is also disposed of in a landfill.

• Step 3: Primary Settling

  > The material, which will settle, but at a slower rate than step two, is taken out using large circular tanks called clarifiers. The settled material, called primary sludge, is pumped off the bottom and the wastewater exits the tank from the top. Floating debris such as grease is skimmed off the top and sent with the settled material to digesters. In this step, chemicals are also added to remove phosphorus.

• Step 4. Aeration Activated Sludge

  > In this step, the wastewater receives most of its treatment. Through biological degradation, the pollutants are consumed by microorganisms and transformed into cell tissue, water, and nitrogen. The biological activity occurring in this stop is very similar to what occurs at the bottom of lakes and rivers, but in these areas, the degradation takes years to accomplish.

• Step 5: Secondary Settling

  > Large circular tanks called secondary clarifiers to allow the treated wastewater to separate from the biology from the aeration tanks at this step, yielding an affluent, which is now over 90% treated. The biology (activated sludge) is continuously pumped from the bottom of the clarifiers and returned to the aeration tanks in step four.

• Step 6: Filtration

  > The clarified effluent is polished in this step by filtering through 10-micron polyester media. The material captured on the surface of the disc filters is periodically backwashed and returned to the head of the plant for treatment.

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Home » 12th Class » NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Sample Paper 2024 (PDF)

NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Sample Paper 2024 (PDF)

NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Sample Paper 2024 is released by the National Institute of Open Schooling . You can download the NIOS Senior Secondary Model Paper for Chemistry PDF from here on aglasem. This NIOS class 12 sample paper is for Chemistry subject and contains specimen questions from the syllabus. If you are appearing in class 12 exams then you can improve your preparation with Chemistry sample paper and aim to get full marks in it.

NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Sample Paper 2024

The NIOS sample question paper for Senior Secondary (class 12) Chemistry is as follows.

NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Sample Paper 2024 PDF Download Link – Click Here to Download Model Paper PDF

NIOS Class 12 Chemistry Sample Paper 2024 PDF

The complete question paper is as follows.

NIOS Class 12 Model Papers

There are more subjects in Senior Secondary standard besides Chemistry. To do well in the class, you need to get good marks in all. Thus here are subject wise sample papers for NIOS class 12th.

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NIOS Sample Papers

The National Institute of Open Schooling provides specimen papers for all classes. You can check class wise model papers here.

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NIOS Solved TMA 2023-24 & 2024-25 PDF : Welcome to your one-stop destination for NIOS Solved TMA (Tutor Marked Assignment) solutions for the academic years 2023-24 and 2024-25! Are you a student of the National Institute of Open Schooling seeking comprehensive and accurate answers to your assignments? Look no further, as we provide top-quality solutions that are meticulously crafted to help you excel in your studies.

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National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)

NIOS (10th & 12th) Solved TMA 2023-24 & 2024-25 PDF : The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Education, Government of India. It provides flexible and inclusive education opportunities to learners who are unable to attend regular schools. NIOS offers a wide range of courses at the secondary and senior secondary levels, as well as vocational and life enrichment programs.

One of the key components of NIOS education is its assignment-based assessment system. Assignments play a crucial role in evaluating students’ understanding of the subjects they are studying. These assignments are designed to encourage critical thinking, research skills, and independent learning, helping learners develop a deeper understanding of the concepts taught in their courses.

Download FREE NIOS Solved Assignment For All Courses – 2016-17 / 2017-18/ 2018-19/ 2019-20/ 2020-21/ 2021-22/ 2022-23/ 2023-24/ 2024-25

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• 3 How to Make NIOS Assignment ?

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How to Make NIOS Assignment ?

Making a NIOS assignment, also called a Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA), involves understanding the requirements, completing the tasks, and presenting your work in a neat and organized manner. Here’s a breakdown of the process:

1. Understand the TMA:

• Subject and Topic:  First, identify the subject and specific topic covered in the TMA. This will guide your research and response.
• Instructions:  Carefully read and understand the instructions provided in the TMA. Look for details like the number of questions, expected word count, and any specific formatting guidelines.
• Evaluation Criteria:  Sometimes TMAs specify how marks are distributed. This can be for answering specific questions, including diagrams, or following formatting guidelines.

2. Research and complete the TMA:

• Gather Information:  Use your NIOS study materials, textbooks, or credible online sources to gather information relevant to the TMA topic.
• Answer the Questions:  Address each question in the TMA comprehensively. Use your research and understanding to provide clear and well-explained answers.
• Go beyond Textbooks (Optional):  Consider including relevant examples, diagrams, or case studies to enhance your answers and showcase your understanding.

3. Presentation and Submission:

• Formatting:  Follow any specific formatting guidelines mentioned in the TMA instructions. This might involve using a certain font size, margins, or including a cover page.
• Neatness and Organization:  Present your work neatly and in a well-organized manner. This creates a good impression and makes it easier for the evaluator to understand your answers.
• Double-check:  Proofread your work carefully for any grammatical errors or typos before submitting the TMA.

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• Date Sheet for Secondary (Class-X)/ Sr.Secondary (Class-XII) Examinations, July-Aug, 2020 (Re-scheduled) for All-India Exam Centres
• ALL Ongoing Examination Scheduled between 19.03.2020 to 31.03.2020 stands postponed
• Notification dt. 18.05.2020 regarding The last date for online admission to the first block for session 2020 of Vocational admissions is 30th June, 2020
• Notification-01/2020 dt 01/09/2020 regarding Courses are Introduced at Secondary level
• Notification 40/2018 dt. 29.11.2018 regarding Correction/ Changes through E-Services PDF File
• Peace Rally on 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi
• Circular dt.23/10/2020 regarding Observance of "Vigilance Awareness Week-2020"
• Meeting 10 June 2021
• Notification for Registration of Exam Centres to act as Theory Exam Centre for Public exams of Secondary and Senior Secondary courses to be held in Oct/Nov 2024
• Notification for On Demand Theory & Practical Examination for July - September 2024
• Notification-34/2024 dt. 09/07/2024 regarding registration of exam centres for NIOS public examination in Oct-2024
• Revised fee details for NIOS examination and related documents
• Circular-01/2024 dt.25/04/2024 regarding Old & New syllabus of Five Sr. Secondary subjects.
• Notification 14-2024 15 Minutes reading time for April 2024 examination
• Theory examination datesheet for april 2024
• Notification regarding eligibility criteria for DMLT & DMIT course
• Portal is opened for accrediation application- Notification
• NOTIFICATION FOR THE ISSUE OF STUDY MATERIAL ON PAYMENT BASIS
• Date sheet for Practical Examination for Secondary /Sr.Secondary courses, March 2024
• Notification for the payment of Exam fee for April 2024 examination
• (विभिन्न ग्रुप-ए, बी और सी पदों के लिए सांकेतिक रिक्ति अधिसूचना (एनआईओएस/आरसी/04/2023)) (INDICATIVE VACANCY NOTIFICATION (NIOS/RC/04/2023) FOR VARIOUS GROUP-A,B & C POSTS)
• NOTIFICATION 90/2023 സ്‌കൂളുകൾക്ക് ജാഗ്രതാ നിർദേശം
• Notification 60/2023 Contact Number for enquiring status of application for the grant of Accrediation
• NOTIFICATION 61/2023 CONTACT NUMBER FOR ENQUIRING Correction of admission particulars (E-Services)
• അറിയിപ്പ്: NC കേസുകൾക്കുള്ള DELED സർട്ടിഫിക്കറ്റ് RC കൊച്ചിയിൽ നിന്ന് ലഭിക്കുന്നു. പഠിതാക്കൾ ആർസി കൊച്ചിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെടണമെന്ന് അഭ്യർത്ഥിക്കുന്നു
• Notification 50/2022 Revised fee structure for both Secondary and Senior Secondary course
• NOTIFICATION 41/2022 and 42/2022 DT.26/07/2022 REGARDING Discontinuation of awards
• Result of D.El.Ed (2017-19) session NC cases has been declared on the official portal of NIOS
• Notification dt. 02/08/2022 regarding Clearance of "Not Certified" (NC) cases of D.El.Ed conducted by NIOS.
• Notification regarding clearance of 'Not Certified' (NC) cases in DELED project
• Notification 15/2022 dt.19/07/2022 regarding conducting NIOS public examination Oct-Nov 2022
• Notification No. 13-2022, On Demand Examination for April session starts from 14th June 2022
• Notification No. 07/2022 dt.15.03.2022 regarding Examination fee for Vocational Courses & D.El.Ed. J & K (offline) for April-May 2022 dates are extended
• Notification 10/2022 regarding the last date online admisssion of stream I (Block II) has extended upto 31 st March 2022
• Notification 03/2022 dt. 28.01.2022 regarding Open Basic Education (OBE) agencies are directed to conduct the examination from 01/03/2022 to 31/03/2022 for Level-A,Level-B and Level-C.
• Notification 02/2022 dt. 12.01.2022 regarding Public Practical Examination for March 2022 for Secondary and Senior Secondary Courses is scheduled from 14.03.2022.
• Notification-01/2022 dt. 11.01.2022 regarding Conducting Public Examination twice in a year.
• Booking and Dispatch of Post Examination materials pertaining to the On Demand Examination(ODE) of National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) w.e.f 04th January, 2022
• Vocational and D.El.ED(Offline) Booking and dispatch of Post Examination materials of National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Examination from 03rd January, 2022
• Notification 68/2021 dt. 31/12/2021 regarding the last date for online Admission in respect of Vocational Courses 2021 (Second Block) has been extended
• Notification 48/2021 dt. 21.12.2021 regarding Examination Fee for Secondary and Sr.Secondary to be conducted in April/May 2022
• Notification 42/2021 dt.30.11.2021 regarding Registration for On-Demand Examination (ODE), 2022
• Notification 65/2021 dt. 30 Nov.,2021 regarding Online Registration for the Secondary and Sr.Secondary Courses Stream-1 (Block-II) Academic Session 2021-22 and Vocational Courses 2021 for Oct/Nov,2022 examination.
• Notification 64/2021 dt. 15/11/2021 regarding the last date for Online Admission for Stream-1 (Block-l), OBE and Vocational Education Courses (Block-1) for Academic session 2021-22 has been extended
• List of newly accrediated study centres(AIs) for Regional Centre Kochi
• Notification No. 49/2021 dt. 12-10-2021 regarding the date sheet of Public Examination (Theory) of NIOS for Oct-Nov 2021 for Secondary and Senior Secondary Courses
• Notification No.39/2021 dt. 13.09.2021 regarding the NIOS Practical Examination for Oct-Nov 2021 for Secondary and Sr.econdary courses is scheduled from 27.09.2021
• Court order on equivalence of NIOS Certifications
• Notification 58/2021 dt.01/09/2021 regarding the Schedule for marking of received TMA from learners by AIs / Regional Centre and uploading the TMA marks.
• Notification -56/2021 dt. 31.08.2021 regarding the last date for Online Admission Stream -1(Block-1)for Academic session 2021-22 and Open Basic Education(OBE) has been extended.
• Notification -57/2021 dt. 31.08.2021 regarding the last date for Online Admission for Vocational Courses (Block-1) for session 2021-22 has been extended.
• Notification -33/2021 dt. 18-08-2021 regarding Conduct of Public Examination on revised course material in Computer Science (330) from October-November 2021 onwards
• Notification regarding exam fee payment and TMA submission
• Notification-38/2021 dt.17.08.2021 regarding Change in the date of On Demand Exam on account of Holiday for Muharram on 20.08.2021
• Conditions prescribed for equivalence by Government Of Kerala for NIOS Secondry and Sr. Secondry courses
• (अधिसूचना 20/2021 दिनांक-26 जुलाई 2021 सीजीएचएस दरों पर गैर-कैशलेस आधार पर एनआईओएस की चिकित्सा लाभ योजना के संबंध में ।) (Notification 20/2021 dt. 26 July 2021 regarding the Medical Benefit Scheme of NIOS on Non-Cashless basis at CGHS rates)
• Notification 21/2021 dt. 26 July 2021 regarding the Medical Benefit Scheme of NIOS
• Notification 19/2021 dt. 26 July 2021 regarding the Medical Benefit Scheme of NIOS on Cashless basis at CGHS rates
• Notification 35/2021 dt.06 July,2021 regarding the Vocational Examination in June-July 2021.
• Notification 34/2021 dt.05/07/2021 regarding Assessment of NIOS student for June, 2021 examination.
• Notification 12/2021 dt. 23rd April, 2021 regarding Sh.Chanchal Kumar Singh, Training Officer is deputed as Social Media and Public Relation incharge of NIOS.
• Notification 47/2021 dt.13.05.2021 regarding Online submission of TMA marks by AIs(Study Centre) and Regional Centre
• Date Sheet for Secondary (Class-X)/ Sr.Secondary (Class-XII) Examinations, January-February, 2021 for All-India Exam Centres
• Notification -30/2021 dt.19th May 2021, regarding Public Examination June 2021 of Secondary, Sr.Secondary and Vocational Courses.
• Date Sheet for Secondary (Class-X)/ Sr.Secondary (Class-XII) Examinations, January-February, 2021 for For Over Seas Exam. Centres
• Notification 19/2020 dt. 22/12/2020 regarding Prof. Saroj Sharma, Professor , Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (IPU) has taken over the charge of Chairman, National Institute of Open Schooling(NIOS)
• Notification 31/2021 dt.26th May 2021 regarding the last date for submission of TMAs along with the late fee is 31st May 2021.
• Notification No. 21/2020 dt. 29.12.2020 regarding the Examination of Vocational Courses is now scheduled from 5th February 2021 onwards.
• Notification 32/2021 dt.04 June, 2021 regarding the Public Examinations of Sr.Secondary Courses scheduled in June 2021 are hereby Cancelled.
• Notification 50/2021 dt.07.06.2021 regarding The last date for submission of TMAs along with the TMA late fee at respective Regional Centre is 15th June 2021.(only Sr.Secondary Learners)
• Notification 52/2021 dt.07.06.2021 regarding The last date for submission of TMAs along with the TMA late fee at respective Regional Centre is 15th June 2021.(only Secondary Learners)
• Notification - 43/2021 dt. 06.01.2021 regarding Schedule for uploading the TMA marks and forwarded the Transfer of Credit(TOC) data for Public Examination to be held in January / February 2021.
• Notification-2/2021 dt 28th June,2021 regarding ODE Examination (Both theory and practical) for the Period from 19th April 2021 till 31st May 2021 stands cancelled in view of the prevailing situation of Covid-19 pandemic.
• Notification - 54/2021 dt.30.06.2021 regarding Online Admission of Open Basic Education Programme (OBE) and Vocational Courses (Block-1) for the Academic Session 2021-22 date extended upto 31.08.2021.
• Notification-22/2020 dt. 02.03.2020 regarding Extension of Open Basic Education(OBE) programme (6-14 years age group) beyond 31st March 2020 PDF File
• अध्यक्ष का संदेश - हिन्दी पखवाड़ा समारोह -2020
• Circular dt.08.04.2021 regarding Pandemic Covid-19 Diseases
• Notification No. 1174/28/2021 dt 13.04.2021 regarding Examination fee for May-June 2021 Public Examination extended till 18th April 2021.
• Notification 28/2021 dt. 07 April 2021 regarding Skill Development Lab at Regional Centre, Amethi to train girls and women belongs to SC/ST/BPL Categories with an objective to empower female learners
• Notification- 42/2020 dt. 02.11.2020 regarding the last date for Online Admission in OBE, Vocation Courses Block-1 and Submission of Internal Assessment Tutor Marked Assignment(TMA) to AI (Study Centre) has been extended.
• Notification 29/2021 dt 16/04/2021 regarding Information for the schedule of June 2021 Examinations.
• Notification 1/2021 dt. 19th April 2021 regarding the ongoing 'On Demand Examination' Postponed
• Result for Vocational Education Examination (Previous Examination)
• Notification 1153/2020 dt. 23/11/2020 regarding NIOS Oct-2020 Public Examination for Secondary and Senior Secondary course will be conducted during January-February, 2021
• Notification 2021/30 dt. 1st July,2021 regarding the admission, study material and examination fee of Vocational courses is waived off for jail inmates.
• Notification-23/2020 dt. 06.03.2020 regarding Extension of date for uploading the TMA marks by AIs
• Office order-255/2020 dt. 06/11/2020, regarding Sh Anjani Kumar , IB(E)S(1989), Secretary, NIOS repatriation and relieving with effect from 6th November 2020
• Notification 11/2021 dt. 23rd April, 2021 regarding Shri Pradeep Kumar Mohanty has assumed the charge of the post of Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling.
• Notification-39/2021 dt.21st Dec, 2021 regarding Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and Directorate General of Training (DGT) under Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneuship (MSDE)
• Booking of Sensitive Confidential Examination material pertaining to the On Demand Examinations of National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) of All Over India
• All ongoing examination stands postponed.
• Advisory regarding Preventive measures against spread of COVID 19 at Examinaiton Centres
• Notification 26/2021 dt. 04.03.2021 regarding conduct the Feb-March 2021 OBE examination in June-July 2021.
• Introduction of 02 new vocational courses
• Notification 27/2021 dt. 15th Dec, 2021 regarding the registration & payment for Off-line D.El.Ed for J&K Candidate of second year (2nd Batch).
• Notification No. 12/2020 dt. 30.03.2020 regarding All Examinations (Theory and Practical) across India and Overseas stand postponed for another three weeks
• Notifications 22/2021 dt.18/02/2021 regarding Payment of Examination Fee of March-April 2021 Public Examination for Secondary and Senior Secondary courses will be conducted during June 2021.
• Notification 25/2021 dt.22.02.2021 regarding On Demand Examination(ODE) 2021 for Secondary and Sr.Secondary Course will be conducted at NIOS HQ, Reg. Centres and Kendriya Vidyalayas from 15th March, 2021 onwards.
• Notification - 01/2021 dt . 19 January, 2021 regarding the courses are introduced in Kannada Medium at Secondary Level
• Circular 09/2020 dt.01.04.2020 regarding re-engagement of some contractual staff (including those engaged PMGDISHA,ASHA,D.El.ED) whose contracts have expired on 30th March, 2020.
• Office order dt.17/04/2020 regarding Purchase of one Infrared Body Temperature Scanner
• Circular 13/2020 dt 21.04.2020 regarding Stopping use of PVC/plastic folders in Ministry/Department and attached/subordinate offices and CPSEs
• Notification 45/2021 dt 8th dec 2021, regarding Bye-laws Governing Examination and Certificatin -2012 (Revised and Amended upto 2021) has been implemented w.e.f Oct/Nov 2021 Public Examination of NIOS
• MHA Office Order dt.01.05.2020 regarding The extended period of National Lockdown for a further period of two weeks with effect from 4th May 2020
• Notification dt.28.05.2020 regarding Submission of Examination fee for October 2020 Public Examinations
• Notification Np.14/2020 dt. 01.06.2020 regarding NIOS Public Examination of Secondary and Sr.Secondary March/April 2020 rescheduled
• Notification /2020 dt.16.06.2020 regarding Online Admission of Vocational Course Block 1 for Academic session 2020-21 has been extended up to 31st July 2020  
• Office Order No. F.132-5/2020/NIOS/CMO/116 dt.23.6.2020 regarding All Administrative work of the NIOS will be looked after by Sh.S.Vijaya Kumar, Director(SSS) with immediate effect.
• Office Order No. F.132-5/2020/NIOS/CMO/117 dt.23.6.2020 regarding All Accounts/Audit work of the NIOS will be looked after by Dr. Rajiv Kumar Singh, Director (Academic) with immediate effect.
• Office Circular No. F.62-274/2018/NIOS/Delegation/ 48 dt. 26/06/2020 regarding Delegation of Financial Powers to various officers of NIOS
• Office Order 117/2020 dt.26/062020 regarding Media Unit and Capacity Building Cell will function under Academic Department
• Notification 16/2020 dt. 26.062020 regarding NIOS Practical Examinations rescheduled from 2nd July upto 10th July 2020 Stands Postponed till further orders
• Notification 17/2020 dt.30.06.2020 regarding Divyang learners now be examined by way of project work/Qustion Answer Based Assessment (QABA).
• Office Order 121/2020 dt.30.06.2020 regarding charge of Vocational Educational Department
• Office Order No. 122/2020 dt.30.06.2020 regarding charge of Regional Centre Chennai.
• Notification 29/2020 dt.01.07.2020 regarding online Admission of Stream -2 for academic session 2020-21 has been extended up to 31st July 2020.
• Notification F.No.41-1/1-3/2020/NIOS/Pers dt.02.07.2020 regarding Dr. Sridhar Srivastava, Joint Director, NCERT has assumed the Charge of Chairman, NIOS with effect from 2nd July 2020.
• Notification 18/2020 dt. 30.06.2020 regarding the Public Examination of Secondary and Senior Secondary (Theory), March/April 2020 rescheduled to commence from 17th July 2020 postponed till further orders
• Notification -34/2020 dt.29.07.2020 regarding the last date for online Admission of Open Basic Education Programme for Academic Session 2020-21 has been extended up to 31/08/2020 (Monday).
• Notification -35/2020 dt.29.07.2020 regarding the last date for online Admission of Vocation Course Block-1 for Academic Session 2020-21 has been extended up to 31/08/2020 (Monday).
• Notification -36/2020 dt.29.07.2020 regarding the last date for Submission of Internal Assessment Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) by the Learners of AI(Study Centre) has been extended up to 31/08/2020 (Monday).
• Corrigendum dt.05.08.2020 regarding the last date for submission of Internal Assessment Tutor Marked Assignment(TMA) by the Learners to AI (Study Centre)
• Notification 37/2020 dt.27.08.2020 regarding Online Admission of Stream -2 for Academic Session 2020-21 has been Extended upto 30/09/2020.
• Notification NO.37/2020 dt.31.08.2020 regarding the last date for Submission of Internal Assessment TMA by the learner to AI has bee Extended up to 30-09-2020 for Stream-1 Block-II for Oct/Nov. 2020 examination without late fee.
• Notification NO.38/2020 dt.31.08.2020 regarding the last date for online Admisssion of Open Basic Education Programme for Academic Session 2020-21 has bee extended up to 30th September,2020.
• Notification NO.39/2020 dt.31.08.2020 regarding the last date for online Admisssion of Vocational Courses Block-1 for Academic Session 2020-21 has bee extended up to 30-09-2020.
• Circular dt 31.08.2020 regarding the learners intending to improve their performance can appear in the next public examination/On Demand Examination as one time measure.
• Notification. 41/2020 dt 04.09.2020, regarding the last date for Online Admission Stream-1, Block-1 for Academic Session 2020-21 has been extended.
• Notification for ON DEMAND EXAMINATION -23/2020 dt 25.09.2020
• Notification 27/2021 dt.30.06.2021 regarding the OBE Exam in June-July, 2021 now stands cancelled.
• Circular dt.16.07.2021 regarding Central Tax (Rate)
• Circular dt.16.07.2021 regarding An Education institution is exempeted from GST
• Notification 66/2021 dt.3 Dec,2021 regarding Enhanced Accreditation fee for Academic courses (Secondary & Senior Secondary)
• Notification 44/2021 dt.03.12.2021 regarding the subject code 330 Computer Science available for registration in On Demand Examination (ODE) at Sr. Secondary level
• Virtual Open School - Instructions
• Notification 43/2021 regarding NIOS Practical Examination Internal Assessment for Dec. 2021 for Vocational Courses and D.El.Ed (Offline J & K) is scheduled.
• Notice for Inviting Tender for invitation for hiring of taxi at NIOS RC kochi
• Tender Notice for sale of Obsolete used and unused Answer Books including Old Question Papers and Admission Forms lying at NIOS Regional Centre Visakhapatnam
• Tender for award the contract of Comprehensive AMC of Network Management, Computer, Printer and Scanner of NIOS premises at A-24/25, Sector-62, NOIDA-201309 & CWC, Sahibabad-201007.
• TENDER FOR REPAIRING AND REPLACEMENT OF FAULTY & WORN OUT PARTS OF THE FIRE FIGHTING & FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS AND UNDERTAKING ITS COMPREHENSIVE ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CONTRACT INSTALLED
• INVITATION OF QUOTATIONS FOR INVESTMENT IN TERM DEPOSIT DATE : 19-08-2021
• TENDER NOTICE - Post Examination Result Processing, Printing and Despatch Works of NIOS-NLMA under Basic Literacy Assessment (09-08-2021)
• TENDER FOR PROCUREMENT,PRINTING, SUPPLY AND DISPATCH OF ANSWER BOOKS FOR 2021 EXAMINATIONS
• Tender for Disposal of  Used & Unused Question Papers, Answer Books including continuation sheets, Graphs, Map, Used OMR Sheets etc
• TENDERS FOR HANDLING, PACKING, TRANSPORTATION AND DOOR DELIVERY OF EDUCATIONAL AND PROMOTIONAL PRINTED STUDY MATERIALS
• Tender for Mechanized Housekeeping Services in the National Institute of Open Schooling (HQ) building, A-24-25, Sector-62, Noida, NIOS Regional Centre building, Guest House A-31,Sector-62, Noida and NIOS Book Store at CWC, Sahibabad, U.P.
• Notice regarding Recruitment to the post of Director (Evaluation)
• Notice regarding the list of candidates for the post of Assistant Director (Admn.)
• Legal Section
• Cancellation & Refund Policy
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NIOS Question Papers for Class 10 & 12 PDF

NIOS Question Papers PDF for Class 10 & Class 12: The National School of Open Schooling (NIOS) will soon release the NIOS Class 10th and 12th question papers on its official website, nios.ac.in. Students enrolled in NIOS Class 10 and 12 can use plus one previous year’s question papers and answers to understand the grading structure, difficulty level, and key topics. This page will give you all the necessary details for the NIOS Question Papers for Secondary and Senior Secondary Levels. 

Students can use NIOS Question Paper 2021 Class 12 & 10 to assess their degree of preparedness. Class 10 and Class 12 NIOS exams are held twice a year, in April/May and October/November. Students must lift their socks and finish the syllabus as soon as possible. Read on to find out more about NIOS Secondary & Senior Secondary Question Papers.

NIOS Class 10 Question Papers PDF (2012 to 2021)

The NIOS previous year question papers for Secondary or Class 10 are tabulated below:

Subject-wise NIOS Question Paper 2021 Class 10 PDF

The subject-wise NIOS Class 10 question papers are tabulated below:

NIOS Previous Year Papers for Class 12 With Answers

The Question Papers for Class 12 are tabulated below:

Subject-wise NIOS Question Paper 2021 Class 12

The subject-wise Class 12 question papers are tabulated below:

How to Download NIOS Question Paper With Answers?

The steps to download the NIOS Previous Year Papers are as under:

• 1st Step: Visit the official website of NIOS –  nios.ac.in .
• 2nd Step: On the home page, click on the “ Student Information Section ” button.
• 3rd Step: A new page opens. Scroll down to the “ General Information Links “.
• 4th Step: Now click on the “Question Paper of Previous Year Examination – Academic” link if you are a General Student. Click on the “Question Paper of Previous Year Examination – Vocational” link if you are a vocational student.
• 5th Step: A new page opens, where you can see a set of Previous Year NIOS Secondary & Senior Secondary Previous Year Papers. Here click on the link to download the PDF.

Advantages of Solving NIOS Question Papers

The advantages of solving question papers are as under:

• Helps to Understand the NIOS Question Paper Pattern: Solving NIOS Previous Year Papers will help candidates understand the pattern, exam structure and section-wise marks distribution.
• Helps to Understand the NIOS Syllabus: Solving Secondary & Senior Secondary Previous year question papers will help candidates be aware of the syllabus, which will help candidates find out if they have missed out on any topic.
• Helps to Understand Your Current Level of Preparation: Solving the Secondary & Senior Secondary question papers will help you identify where exactly you are standing with your current level of preparation and how much you are likely to score in the actual exam. You will also get to know your weak areas. You can then work on them to improve.
• Students can check their progress in each chapter or subject and improve accordingly.
• Practising sample papers regularly also increases the speed of solving questions.
• As students effectively can solve questions in lesser time, they can check or read their answers and make corrections.
• Sometimes, questions similar to that in sample papers may get asked in the final exam. It allows students to score full marks on that question.
• Time management is an essential aspect of solving the whole paper correctly. It can be achieved by solving as many sample paper sets as possible.
• Practising NIOS previous year papers helps students understand how to tackle the final exam paper. It helps in determining what kind of questions should be solved first and which questions can be solved later.
• Sample paper practice also develops the skill to allocate suitable time to solve each question effectively.
• Students can attempt extra questions if they are confident about their answers and still have spare time.

NIOS Question Papers for Differently-abled Persons

The National Institute of Open Schooling provides specific provisions for those with special needs. As a result, when solving NIOS exam papers of 2021 in exams, the exam holding body considers the particular requirements of such persons. To learn more about the subject, read this section.

• In the theory paper, students with blindness or limited vision will be offered other questions, such as questions based on sketching geometrical figures or mapping.
• Students who are blind or visually impaired will be able to take the test in braille or on a typewriter.
• Hearing-impaired candidates will be aided by an instructor who will translate the sign language.
• Students with autism, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities will be given computers and adapted hardware.
• Adaptive seating arrangements will be made for the unique needs of differently-abled students.

How to Solve NIOS Question Paper for Class 10 and 12?

Students are advised to read these important tips to fully prove their preparation and secure good marks in their class 10 and 12 final exams in 2022. 

• Learn the concepts for each chapter in all subjects. 
• Solve the illustrations given in the textbook and check your answers against the solutions.
• Practice the exercise questions at least twice. These questions are simple and form the base for more complex questions.
• Solve questions for all topics individually.
• Practice previous years’ question papers to know how the questions for complex topics are asked. 
• Do not skip any topic because you find it challenging or lack conceptual clarity. Ask your teacher or parents to explain it again in more straightforward language.
• Develop the habit of reading comprehension to read and understand a question correctly.
• Make notes for each chapter. Write down all important definitions, formulae, author’s name, steps to solve equations, etc. and revise them regularly.
• Solve questions within specific time limit to be ready for the same in final exams.
• Learn how to balance speed and accuracy
• Revise the whole syllabus regularly. By the time your exam starts, you should have revised your notes at least twice. It will also help you know which concepts you are still weak in and work on them.
• Take NIOS based Class 10 and Class 12 mock tests on Embibe.
• Analyse your performance and identify weaknesses and mistakes and resolve them.
• Embibe’s personalised achievement journey can help you improve upon your shortcomings and score the best marks in your final examination.
• Eat healthily and sleep for at least 7 hours daily.
• Take breaks in between while studying and do some refreshing activities like listening to music, meditation, taking a walk in fresh air etc. Enjoy the process of learning.
• Many topics in your NIOS syllabus are the foundation for Class X and Class XII, so take it seriously and prepare well.

FAQs Regarding NIOS Question Papers

Ans.  The papers are available at the official website of nios.ac.in. Candidates can visit the official website and from the “Student’s Section”, they can easily download the previous year’s question papers.

Ans.  Students can download the NIOS ODE question paper of Chemistry from this article in PDF format for.

Ans.  Yes, the question paper consists of both the Class 11 & Class 12 Syllabus.

Ans.  Yes, Since there is no TMA, candidates will have to pass the exam with their theory and practical marks only, which in turn results NIOS On-Demand exam being tougher.

Ans.   The officials of the National Institute of Open School will prepare the NIOS 10th question paper.

Ans.  You can download the NIOS Question Paper 2021 Class 12 in PDF format for on this page.

You are provided with all the necessary information regarding NIOS Secondary & Senior Secondary Papers. At Embibe, NIOS students can prepare for their exams for. Students of NIOS Class 8, 9, and 10 or secondary students can take  Foundation Mock Tests  for Science and Maths on Embibe. Senior Secondary students or Class 12 students of NIOS can also solve Class 11 and 12 PCMB practice questions and take Class 11 and 12 PCMB Mock Tests on Embibe for. Use these resources and crack the NIOS exam and other competitive exams, like NTSE, Olympiads, JEE, and NEET.

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• NIOS TMA 2023-24
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NIOS Chemistry (313) Solved TMA (2023-24)

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NIOS CHEMISTRY (313) Solved Assignments [TMA] 2023-24

Senior secondary solved [tma] 2023-24 for class 12.

Tutor Marked Assignment

Max. Marks: 20

(i)All questions are compulsory. The marks allotted for each question are given at same place.

(ii) Write your name, enrollment number, Al name and subject on the top of the first page of the answer sheet.

1. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

(a) Identify the group and valency of the element having atomic number 119. Also, predict the outermost electronic configuration and write the general formula of its oxide. (See Lesson-3)

(b) Electron gain enthalpy of chlorine has more negative value as compared to that of fluorine (F), explain the reason. (See Lesson-3)

2. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

(a) How do metallic and ionic substances differ in conducting electricity? (See Lesson-3)

(b) What is a unit cell? How many atoms are there in a FCC unit cell? (See Lesson-6)

3. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words. 

(a) The enthalpy change for the transition of liquid water to steam at temperature 373K is 40.8 UJ mol-1. Calculate the entropy change for the process. (See Lesson-10)

(b) Name two factors which favor a spontaneous reaction. (See Lesson-10)

4. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words.

(a) Define water pollution; list any three anthropogenic sources of water/pollution (See Lesson-32)

(b) A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.

(i) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?

(ii) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially? (See Less

5. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 100 to 150 words.

(a) Write the name of any one metal which can be refined by distillation method. (See Lesson-16)

(b) Describe the electrolytic refining method with labeled diagram of copper metal. Write the name of metal which is settled as anode mud. (See Lesson-16)

Why are chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and manganese oxide (Mn3O4) reduced by aluminium metal power instead of carbon? Write the name of that process and chemical equations related to reduction of above metal oxides. (See Lesson-1

6. Prepare any one of the project out of two given below in about 500 words.

(a) You have visited a hospital of you town. You have found that some people were suffering from higher, and some have minor injuries, while you are also patient of hyper acidity and cold. Doctors prescribed different medicines to all the patients.

(i) What are the names of antipyretic drugs? (One drug)

(ii) Write the name of an antiseptic medicine.

(iii) Names of two antacids?

(iv) Write the name of one antihistamine.

(v) Quinine is the very common medicine of which type of fever?

(vi) What type of damage to body is possible if you are using phenol more than 1%  concentrate?

(b) Visit the nearby treatment process of Sewage and collect the following knowledge/ information.

(i) How many stages are there of treatment of waste water?

(ii) What is coagulation?

(iii) What is substance?

(iv) What is softening?

(v) Which is used as disinfectant to kill bacteria?

(vi) How chlorine produces toxic and potentially active carcinogens?

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Nios Chemistry-313 Handwritten Solved Assignment-English Medium 2021-22

Who is JD Vance? Things to know about Donald Trump's pick for vice president

Ohio U.S. Sen. JD Vance is a 39-year-old Republican now in his first term in the Senate

COLUMBUS, Ohio — Former President Donald Trump on Monday chose U.S. Sen. JD Vance of Ohio to be his running mate as he looks to return to the White House.

Here are some things to know about Vance, a 39-year-old Republican now in his first term in the Senate:

Vance rose to prominence with the memoir 'Hillbilly Elegy'

Vance was born and raised in Middletown, Ohio. He joined the Marines and served in Iraq, and later earned degrees from Ohio State University and Yale Law School. He also worked as a venture capitalist in Silicon Valley.

Vance made a name for himself with his memoir, the 2016 bestseller “Hillbilly Elegy ,” which was published as Trump was first running for president . The book earned Vance a reputation as someone who could help explain the maverick New York businessman’s appeal in middle America, especially among the working class, rural white voters who helped Trump win the presidency.

“Hillbilly Elegy” also introduced Vance to the Trump family. Donald Trump Jr. loved the book and knew of Vance when he went to launch his political career. The two hit it off and have remained friends.

He was first elected to public office in 2022

After Donald Trump won the 2016 election, Vance returned to his native Ohio and set up an anti-opioid charity . He also took to the lecture circuit and was a favored guest at Republican Lincoln Day dinners where his personal story — including the hardship Vance endured because of his mother’s drug addiction — resonated.

Vance’s appearances were opportunities to sell his ideas for fixing the country and helped lay the groundwork for entering politics in 2021 , when he sought the Senate seat vacated by Republican Rob Portman, who retired.

Trump endorsed Vance. Vance went on to win a crowded Republican primary and the general election.

He and Trump have personal chemistry

Personal relationships are extremely important to the former president and he and Vance have developed a strong rapport over years, speaking on the phone regularly.

Trump has also complimented Vance’s beard, saying he “looks like a young Abraham Lincoln.”

Vance went from never-Trumper to fierce ally

Vance was a “never Trump” Republican in 2016. He called Trump “dangerous” and “unfit” for office. Vance, whose wife, lawyer Usha Chilukuri Vance, is Indian American and the mother of their three children, also criticized Trump’s racist rhetoric, saying he could be “America’s Hitler.”

But by the time Vance met Trump in 2021, he had reversed his opinion, citing Trump’s accomplishments as president. Both men downplayed Vance’s past scathing criticism.

Once elected, Vance became a fierce Trump ally on Capitol Hill, unceasingly defending Trump’s policies and behavior .

He is a leading conservative voice

Kevin Roberts, president of the conservative Heritage Foundation, called Vance a leading voice for the conservative movement, on key issues including a shift away from interventionist foreign policy, free market economics and “American culture writ large.”

Democrats call him an extremist, citing provocative positions Vance has taken but sometimes later amended. Vance signaled support for a national 15-week abortion ban during his Senate run, for instance, then softened that stance once Ohio voters overwhelmingly backed a 2023 abortion rights amendment.

He is married to a lawyer who was a Supreme Court clerk

Vance met his wife, Usha Chilukuri Vance, at Yale, where she received both her undergraduate and law degrees. She spent a year clerking for future Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh when he served as an appeals court judge in Washington, followed by a year as a law clerk to Chief Justice John Roberts.

She had been a trial lawyer for the Munger, Tolles and Olson law firm. Her law firm announced Monday that she had left the firm.

“Usha has been an excellent lawyer and colleague, and we thank her for her years of work and wish her the best in her future career,” Munger, Tolles & Olson said in a statement.

Vance has adopted Trump's rhetoric about Jan. 6

On the 2020 election, he said he wouldn’t have certified the results immediately if he had been vice president and said Trump had “a very legitimate grievance.” He has put conditions on honoring the results of the 2024 election that echo Trump's . A litany of government and outside investigations have not found any election fraud that could have swung the outcome of Trump’s 2020 loss to Democratic President Joe Biden .

In the Senate, Vance sometimes embraces bipartisanship. He and Democratic Ohio Sen. Sherrod Brown co-sponsored a railway safety bill following a fiery train derailment in the Ohio village of East Palestine . He’s sponsored legislation extending and increasing funding for Great Lakes restoration, and supported bipartisan legislation boosting workers and families.

Vance can articulate Trump's vision

People familiar with the vice presidential vetting process said Vance would bring to the GOP ticket debating skills and the ability to articulate Trump’s vision.

Charlie Kirk, founder of the conservative activist group Turning Point USA, said Vance compellingly articulates the America First world view and could help Trump in states he closely lost in 2020, such as Michigan and Wisconsin, that share Ohio’s values, demographics and economy.

Associated Press writers Jill Colvin in Milwaukee and Mark Sherman in Washington contributed to this report.

‘Hillbilly Elegy’ was almost universally praised. Times have changed.