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7 Best Research Paper Writing Services

No matter how many research papers students write, these assignments will still be challenging. Each academic project is more complex than the previous one. It’s no wonder why most students will request assistance from a research paper writer at one point or another. Low grades are unacceptable when you invest so much time, effort, and finances in higher education. 

With so many research paper writing services on the market, it’s not easy to choose one. That’s what we’re here for. We’ve tried several websites so far, and we’ll recommend the best ones!

Recommendations: 7 Best Research Paper Writing Services

You’ll notice that our top reviews recommend services that allow you to choose your own writer. We prefer that system over the one where you place a project, pay for it upfront, and let the service assign you an author. When you choose your own writer, you can get a more competitive price. Plus, you can work together with them and request more updates during the completion process. 

That being said, not all bidding services are good. We’ve tested many writing agencies, and these are the ones that impressed us:

EduBridie.com – Best Overall Choice

EduBridie has attracted a loyal base of returning users. The service was founded in 2015, and it soon became the most popular research paper writing service based on a bidding system. It’s gained great reviews on independent reviewing sites, and it’s one of the most commonly evaluated writing services overall on the web. 

In our experience, EduBirdie is the best choice in general, since it meets our standards for quality, support, choice of services, and price. You can check out more details about it in-depth EduBirdie review from an unbiased writer.

Why Students Choose EduBirdie

This agency has several advantages over its competitors:

• The website is intuitive and user-friendly. It offers all the information you need before ordering papers online. You can check out the profiles of the research paper writers and their qualifications. 
• EduBirdie has a great community of writers. Students don’t have to wait long before they start getting bids on their projects. 
• No matter what your paper is about, you can find an author with adequate skills here. The writers have different qualifications and skill levels. 
• Even if you have zero experience ordering papers online, you’ll immediately figure out how the system works. You just need to place an order and follow its development. 
• You’ll find a free citation generator, automated essay writing tool, and plagiarism checker on the site. 
• EduBirdie has an effective referral program. If you like your paper and recommend the service to others, you’ll get points that you can use for discounted prices on your future orders. 

You might be wondering about EduBirdie’s disadvantages. We can only mention the fact that it might take some time for you to choose a writer, since there are many great ones in the team. But in our experience, you can’t go wrong by choosing anyone who’s experienced in the topic’s niche. 

The starting price on this site is $13.99 per page. Most writers will bid at least $15. It’s great to have options. You can choose from the different bids, and the best part is that even the most qualified writers suggest affordable prices. 

EduBirdie is a great site on many levels. The overall user experience is great, and it’s the website with the best price-to-quality ratio we’ve tested so far. 

StudyClerk.com – Detailed Writer Profiles

StudyCleark is a slightly less experienced research paper service than EduBirdie.  It’s very similar in the way it works. You can place an order for any type of paper. The ordering system lets you choose the subject area, citation style, and all other details for your project. Then, you’ll wait for the writers to start bidding. 

The quality these writers deliver is great! Students praise them for the custom-crafted content that conveys the customer’s voice and required tone. You can tell them all about your opinions on the topic, so you’ll get a paper that doesn’t go against your point of view. 

Why Students Choose StudyClerk

Students regularly choose StudyClerk for several reasons:

• Each writer’s profile has a biography and a detailed order history. You can see how they qualify for your project, and you can check how they met other students’ expectations previously. 
• All writers offer unlimited revisions, so you’ll confirm the order only when you’re fully satisfied with it. 
• The chat feature works! The writers are quick to answer all messages, respond to requests, and take additional instructions into consideration. 
• There’s a free plagiarism checker, which you can use to check your own papers. 

Let’s see what disadvantages students faced with StudyClerk:

• The blog section is not impressive. You’ll only find research paper topic suggestions. Students rarely read blog posts when they are after a research paper writing online service. But they could certainly use free writing tips from experts. 

StudyClerk sets a starting price of $13.99 per page. Depending on the deadline and project’s complexity, the writers will determine their own bids. The price is a major factor that influences your choice, and we found that the authors of this website set reasonable quotes for top-quality work. 

StudyClerk is one of the most reputable custom research paper writing services. It offers a fair starting price for great papers in all areas of study. The bidding system is effective and fast, so you can easily find a writer for your paper. 

AResearchGuide.com – Free Tips for Writing Academic Papers

AResesarchGuide makes up for what most research paper services miss: it offers excellent tips from experts. If you’re willing to write your own research projects, you won’t find much use in mainstream tips. You need real insights and detailed guidance on how to handle all parts of the project. This is where you can get them.

The website features a detailed research paper writing guide, which takes you through all stages. You can get help with choosing the topic, finding information about it, using resources, writing a thesis statement, and so on. 

As you might have guessed, this is not a traditional writing service. You can’t buy a paper here. However, if the tips don’t help you complete the project, AResearchGuide will directly take you to EduBirdie, where you can easily order it.  

Why Students Choose AResearchGuide

Students find this website valuable for many reasons:

• The tips are offered by professional online research paper writers. These authors have experience completing all types of academic projects. They are aware of students’ limitations, and they can help you overcome them. 
• AResearchGuide offers nicely categorized articles. You can find precise tips for the problem you face with academic assignments. 
• In addition to guidelines, the website offers motivational tips that encourage you to face academic writing challenges. When you realize that you’re not the only one struggling with papers, you’ll realize that it’s a learning process that you can cope with. 

We identified a single disadvantage: you can’t purchase papers here. The website redirects you to EduBirdie. That’s OK, but it would be nice to get the entire service on a single website. 

All tips on this website are absolutely free. We’re talking about insider tips from professional academic writers. You’re getting great value, and you only need to invest some of your time to go through their posts before you start writing your own projects.  

AResearchGuide is a valuable tool in a student’s academic writing journey. These authors know what they are talking about. If you’re willing to improve your writing skills, AResearchGuide is the best place to gain some knowledge for free. 

GradesFixer.com – Great Free Samples to Get You Inspired

GradesFixer is mostly known for offering admissions essays to students. It’s the site’s specialty. However, you can get all other types of academic assignments, including research papers here. 

This research paper writing company works through a bidding process. You will place an order to explain what type of paper you need. Then, writers who are available and skilled to complete it will start bidding on it. You can go through their profiles to see what they specialize in and how they rate with their previous orders. Then, you can choose the author who seems suitable for your paper. 

As with all other services of this type, the money will be reserved in your account until you confirm the relevance and quality of the project your writer delivers. 

GradesFixer is a trusted writing service with positive feedback on independent reviewing sites. It has earned students’ trust in a relatively short time. 

Why Students Choose GradesFixer

GradesFixer has several advantages that distinguish it from its competitors:

• It offers free paper samples. If you’re looking for some inspiration that would help you write your own research project, this is where you can find it. The samples are useful for another thing: they showcase the authors’ work. They give you a glimpse into the quality you can expect when ordering papers from this agency. 
• GradesFixer offers a free conclusion generator, title generator, plagiarism checker, and citation generator. We especially liked the title generator tool. It can inspire you to come up with a unique title for your upcoming project. 
• If you have a paper that you’d like to share as a sample, you can donate it here. GradesFixer will showcase it among the papers featured on the site. Your name will be visible. It’s a great way to get recognition for your own work.   

What about the disadvantages? With so many features, you can easily get confused. The Hire Writer Now button is visible, but all that content on the website may be distracting. Another important disadvantage is that the site doesn’t feature a minimum price. That confuses students even further, since they don’t know how this service compares to others in terms of pricing.

Since no minimum price is featured on the site, the writers can go lower than $13, which is the usual minimum we see with these services. But in our experience, most authors still bid above $15 for the longest deadline of 10 days. 

GradesFixer is a useful website for those who want to improve their academic writing skills. It features free samples, which can get you inspired. You can also choose a research paper writer online to complete a unique project for you. 

EssayVikings.com – Best for Academic Paper Editing

This service is unique in its dedication to editing assistance. If you’ve written your own academic papers and you want professional editors to go through the post-writing stages, EssayVikings is a great choice. 

You can get editing help elsewhere, but you’ll work with pro editors here. They are qualified to improve academic content in terms of style, format, citations, and logical flow. 

EssayVikings is a relatively new service. It quickly gained attention among students, since it’s the only website dedicated to academic editing.  

Why Students Choose EssayVikings

We noticed one major advantage with this service: it has an impressive team of qualified editors. It’s the only service of this type we’ve seen. When students need their papers edited, they usually turn to traditional writing services. They assign an editor without the student’s participation in the selection process. The students cannot contact these editors, so they often end up disappointed with the way their style was altered with the amendments. 

With EssayVikings, you can choose a qualified editor, who has experience working on several papers. You will receive updates during the process. It’s easy to contact your editor through the direct chat feature. You’ll release your payment when you’re fully satisfied with the outcome. 

What about the disadvantages? It would be great to get some free tips from professional editors. The blog features some free samples, and they are great. But we’d love some detailed guidance through the post-writing stages.

The website doesn’t feature a starting price, so the editors are free to bid as high or as low as they estimate. Their price offers will be based on the project’s deadline and complexity. They usually bid around $10 per page to edit academic content under a 10-day deadline. 

EssayVikings is an excellent choice for those looking for editing help for their academic papers. The website also offers writing services, but it’s mostly known for editing. It features an impressive team of qualified editors. 

SameDayPapers.com – Excellent for Urgent Deadlines

Founded in 2015, this was one of the first services to enable students to choose their own research paper writers online. All writers have their own profiles. They feature brief statements about their experience and qualifications. You’ll also find a history of their completed projects, along with the ratings they received from students. SameDayPapers ranks among the top services on independent reviewing websites. 

The writers deliver high-quality papers that are completely unique. They are known for meeting really short deadlines without sacrificing the level of quality. SameDayPapers is one of the most common choices for research papers with deadlines of 3 days or less. 

Why Students Choose SameDayPapers

We noticed these advantages about this website:

• You can get urgent help with research paper without being worried about the quality. The writers are skilled to work under pressure. They still complete top-notch work that meets academic writing standards. 
• All papers come with a free bibliography. You can choose the referencing style. 
• The customer support is super-effective. That’s important when you order content under a short deadline. 

It was hard to find a disadvantage with SameDayPapers. But you should keep in mind that the prices are higher for urgent papers. Even if your deadline is 10 days, the writers will bid slightly higher than what we’re used to with other services.  

SameDayPapers doesn’t indicate a minimum price for its services. You won’t pay when placing an order. You will get bids from different writers, and you can choose an offer that works for you. The funds will be reserved on your account, and you’ll authorize the payment when you’re happy with the result. 

SameDayPapers is an excellent choice for those who need good content with a short deadline. 

Eduzaurus.com

This website’s value is in the free online samples it offers. They have been submitted by students. The site features over 30K samples on different topics, so you can read them to get inspired. There’s something better: the site’s editors have shared an opinion about each paper. They explain how it could be improved to meet academic writing standards. 

If you want to get professional online research paper writing help, Eduzaurus offers such services, too. 90+ writers will see your order, and you can choose among the ones who compete for it. The price will depend on the paper’s complexity. Each writer takes their experience and qualifications into consideration when bidding. The more experienced writers tend to set higher prices. 

Why Students Choose Eduzaurus

This is not a traditional college research paper writing service. Most students visit it for the free samples. That’s how they gain confidence in the writing and editing team, so they choose to hire it for unique papers. We noticed important advantages with Eduzaurus:

• The site offers the most impressive collection of free samples we’ve seen. 
• You can use the search feature to find samples relevant to your subject.
• You don’t have to register to search through the samples and read them. 

The only disadvantage is that the site can be confusing. The ordering process is simple, but Eduzaurus is so focused on its free samples that students often forget they can get unique papers here, too. 

The minimum price is not indicated, but our research and experience show that the writers tend to bid around $15 per page for the 10-day deadline. 

Eduzaurus is a great website for students who get inspired by reading research paper samples. The team also offers custom-crafted content of finest quality. 

Reasons to Use Professional Research Paper Writing Services

When you have the time, skills, and will to write your own papers, you’ll certainly do it. But sometimes, luck is not on your side. The deadline is too pressuring, you’re not confident enough that you can handle such a complex paper, or you simply don’t feel like working on it at the moment.  Research paper writing services are helpful for several reasons:

Pro writers deliver high-quality content

Let’s clarify one thing: not all writing agencies are great in terms of quality. That’s why it’s important to read at least one review before you hire a helper for your research paper. But when you find a great agency and you start working with a qualified writer, you’ll get an outstanding paper. 

Remember: you can indicate the level of complexity you want. Sometimes students want simpler papers that don’t get them the best grades. That’s OK! You may also ask for exceptional content that would make a great impression. The best thing about pro writers is that they adjust their work to your preferences. 

When you hire a reputable service, you can expect 100% unique content that’s never been delivered to anyone else. The writer will take your instructions and write the paper from scratch. 

The services are affordable

Ordering great content online won’t cost you too much. There are many websites offering academic papers. All of them are trying to get students’ attention, and they do it through competitive prices. We only recommend cost-effective services, which offer good quality for an affordable price.  

The writers meet deadlines

Research papers are complex projects. They may take weeks for a student to complete. But pro writers deal with such assignments on a daily level. They have the knowledge, skills, and resources that make them more effective. You can get a complete research paper under an urgent deadline when you hire the right service. 

Hiring a writer saves you time

Academic writing is not the only responsibility you have as a student. Classes, homework, studying, friendships, work, extracurriculars… you’re busy all day long! If there’s a chance to outsource something, it’s no wonder you want to take it.  

You can get any type of research paper online

Maybe you’re good at writing and you like literature. You’ll complete your literature research paper all by yourself. But you also took a psychology course, and you find it extremely challenging. No matter how hard students try, they cannot be good at everything. If you don’t want to make peace with a lower grade, you can order content for the courses you struggle with. Online writing services offer all types of research papers, regardless of the topic or niche. 

When you need to hire a professional research paper writing service, the immense choice can be overwhelming. The first step is to identify your needs. Then, you can read reviews to see what service is proven to meet those needs. Hopefully, the reviews we shared will help you make the right choice!

• Is using an online research paper writing service legal?

Yes! Only plagiarism is a problem, and the best services are never guilty of it. They only deliver 100% unique papers. No laws prevent you from getting academic writing help that results in original content. 

• How can I know if a writing service is reliable or a scam?

User-based reviews are your best indicator! You can check review sites. Our reviews are also based on independent experience and research. 

• Can I get a research paper by an urgent deadline?

Absolutely! Research papers are complex projects that demand more time, but pro writers can successfully complete them under short deadlines. We still recommend students to order their papers earlier. They can get a lower price when the deadline is longer. 

• Can I hire a writer who follows APA citation style?

Yes! All services we recommend let you choose the citation style during the ordering process. You can choose APA, Chicago, Harvard, or any other citation style. 

• How do I hire the best online research paper writer?

First, check out our reviews to see what services fit your needs. Then, you can visit the websites of the services that get your attention. Read through their guarantees and terms, check the free tips, and you can choose the website you feel comfortable with.  

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Austin is the principle web director for Untamed Science and Stone Age Man . He is also the web-director of the series for the High School biology, Middle Grades Science and Elementary Science content. When Austin isn't making amazing content for the web, he's out on his mountain bike or in a canoe.

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Once your paper is ready, we'll drop an email your way. Feel free to request tweaks from your writer before releasing payment.

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We don't just handle your research paper writing but refine your assignment to perfection. Ask for free edits for 14 or 30 days after paper completion, depending on your order details.

Call for help with research paper anytime you need

Frequently asked question, is your research paper service legal, who are your writers, which referencing styles can you cover, how do your experts write my research paper, can you help me if i need help with a research paper on a complex topic, how much do your services cost, can i make changes to my research paper after it's completed, custom research paper writing service, essay pro: who are we.

EssayPro is a market-dominating research paper writing service that cares about students' success. We offer high-quality solutions to all kinds of academic woes, helping our customers manage their assignments without extra stress. Our large team of seasoned academic pros is always on standby to handle your daunting papers.

Having helped thousands of customers with their requests, we've become true pros in catering to students' needs. No matter how intricate, urgent, or lengthy your assignment is, we've got your back! All you have to do is shoot us a message saying, "Write my research paper for me." Our highly skilled writers will take it from there. Sit back and relax while our gifted wordsmiths craft a one-of-a-kind academic piece tailored to your needs.

How does an essay differ from a research paper?

Essays and research papers are two drastically different types of assignments. And understanding the difference between them is the key to academic success.

An essay is a shorter academic piece that covers a specific topic. Typically, it consists of three parts - introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction unveils the main topic and presents the key points of the essay. The main body supports these statements with examples and evidence, while the conclusion sums up the whole work and includes insights.

On the other hand, a research paper is a more complex work that involves an in-depth study of a specific topic. Usually, it also includes the methodology of research, literature reviews, results of the study, and a proper conclusion. In this case, the assistance of a seasoned research paper writer can significantly improve your performance.

Place a "write my research essay" request on our platform and leave your tedious assignment to seasoned experts.

Ask for our aid and ditch academic stress

Tired of never-ending assignments? Anxious about pressing deadlines? Thinking, "Who can help me write my research paper?" is only natural in this situation. Fortunately, we can offer an easy yet efficient solution to your academic struggles. Our personalized research paper writing services are designed to help you manage your assignments without extra stress.

Place your order today and rest easy, knowing your assignment is in the safe hands of a genuine pro. Our carefully vetted writers are true masters of their craft. Having completed thousands of similar orders, they know how to handle the most intricate research paper requests. Plus, all our helpers have an unwavering commitment to quality and deadlines. In most cases, you'll receive your highly unique academic piece hours or even days before your due date.

Still have doubts? Check out the testimonials from our satisfied customers or ask our stellar customer support for clarifications.

Offload your research paper to EssayPro and forget about assignment anxiety once and for all!

What is a research paper?

A research paper is one of the most complicated assignments students can be tasked with. Crafting this paper involves conducting in-depth research and presenting your arguments, hence the name. Many learners struggle with this assignment as it requires a deep understanding of the subject, hours of focus, and much dedication. That's why our research paper writing service exists.

Our key goal is to simplify your academic journey, offering prompt and qualified assistance with daunting tasks. Let our skilled experts take care of your research paper and enjoy guaranteed quality and comfort. When you entrust your assignment to one of our pros, you'll get a properly-composed academic piece that includes:

• Interview citations, observations, questionnaires, and surveys
• Proved or rejected hypothesis
• Comprehensive research of the specific problem

Depending on the complexity of your research, you can get a finalized paper in just a few hours.

Request our research paper writing services and unlock these perks

EssayPro doesn't just offer high-quality research paper writing services. We provide students with comprehensive solutions to all their academic troubles and tailored assistance every step of the way.

Thousands of learners offload their assignments to us, knowing they'll get quality content before their deadline. Our easy-to-navigate platform allows for quick 3-step orders, tight security, and safe payments via Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, Discover, Diners Club International, or American Express.

Our writing team is made up of strictly top-level specialists with years of experience and higher education degrees. Delegate your assignment to EssayPro and expect nothing but premium quality!

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• You can't comprehend your professor's guidelines
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• You need help expanding your research
• The topic of your research is too obscure or complex
• The outline doesn't match the research
• The structure is not coherent
• You have trouble formatting your paper according to your uni's standards

If any of these sound familiar to you, then EssayPro is your one-stop research writing assistance shop.

Best Research Paper Writing Services: The Top 7 You Need to Know About

• Technology & Innovation
• Emerging Tech
• TECH REVIEWS

It is not uncommon for students to struggle with research paper writing. It is an advanced college task that requires dedication, skills, and time. That’s why many students are in need of expert assistance to fulfill academic requirements.

Fortunately, there are plenty of service providers ready to help. However, finding the legit and credible one is a hustle. That’s why our team created this guide for research paper writers and the best online platforms.

We’ve tested and checked them to find the best seven providers for students. Choosing a suitable research paper writer from the best research paper service is the secret to success. We’ve evaluated the offers, prices, and quality of work provided. We’ve prepared full reviews so you know exactly where to go when you need high-quality assistance with your assignments.

Other criteria include delivery, customer support, and other features students might benefit from. All of these seven platforms are credible, legit, and professional. They all have excellent teams of writers ready to deliver outstanding papers on demand. In this guide, you’ll find the top service to go to when you need assistance with college tasks.

Top 7 Best Research Paper Writing Services Providers

Here is an overall rating of these seven research paper writing services before we dwell into details. We’ve focused on the main benefit each of them offers in terms of the research paper help.

• PaperWriter 🥇 | The Best Research Paper Help Overall | 9.9
• EssayPro 🥈 | The Top One for the US Students | 9.8
• WritePaper 🥉 | One of a Kind Team of Authors | 9.7
• EssayService | The Cheapest Research Paper Writing Services | 9.6
• EssayHub | The Best for Rushed Orders | 9.6
• DoMyEssay | The Best Range of Writing Services | 9.4
• Studyfy | The Best Non-STEM Research Paper Writing Service | 9.1

PaperWriter.com – Excellent Research Paper Writing Help

PaperWriter.com is our top pick overall because the service covers all the criteria completely. It provides high-quality and quick assistance to college students with a variety of assignments. The team assists with essays, dissertations, presentations, homework, and, of course, research papers. Because of the excellent team of writers and customer support professionals, it is the best research paper writing service out there. Students can quickly place an order and get it going.

Besides writing, the service delivers editing and rewriting, which is a great option to ensure your paper is outstanding. The quality of the papers satisfies all the academic requirements. The research is based on relevant and newest data, and all the papers are authentic.

• Wide range of services;
• Timely delivery and work with short deadlines (from 6 hours);
• Convenient price calculator;
• Transparent pricing and many free features like plagiarism reports, formatting, and unlimited revisions;
• Refund policy in place;
• Serious data protection and confidentiality;
• Comfortable ordering process in three clicks.
• The service doesn’t work with deadlines that are in less than 6 hours;
• The first time it might take you some time to choose a writer because the team is so big.

EssayPro.com – One of The Best Research Paper Writing Services in USA

When it comes to US higher education, there is no better research paper helper. EssayPro.com is an outstanding provider that focuses on US students. The team consists of US and Canadian residents who have graduated from these countries’ top universities. They know everything about local requirements and expectations from their first-hand experience.

Another great sign of credibility is that the business has been operating for more than a decade. It has an impressive track record of completed projects and satisfied customers. The team does admission essays, dissertations, case studies, term papers, and research papers writing on demand.

Also, it offers homework help and custom writing. So students can get assistance with anything they are struggling with. The support representatives are available round the clock and happy to answer any questions.

• The service offers assistance with anything students might struggle with;
• All the writers are from the US and Canada, which makes them experts in the local educational system;
• Reasonable pricing and a lot of free features, including originality report, title page, and choice of the best writer;
• A convenient method of placing an order and choosing an author (author profile features completed tasks, credentials, and reviews).
• The platform doesn’t work with extremely short deadlines.

WritePaper.com – Outstanding Research Paper Writers

Although every platform on this list has a solid team, WritePaper.com comes first when it comes to the best research paper writers. All of them are experts with many years of experience in the field. Some have a Master’s degree, but a vast majority have Ph.D. It makes the team fit to complete an assignment of any complexity, whether it is an essay, case study, or dissertation.

Each writer has a profile with stats on works completed, success rate, and reviews. You can also see their level of education and subjects of expertise. It makes the choice of an author for your order relatively easy.

The services include all types of college assignments along with homework help and personal statement writing. Students can also read the blog with plenty of tips and tricks on academic writing. Here you can also find experts to complete niche projects and subjects.

• Proficient and expert team of authors;
• Confidentiality and advanced data protection; 24/7 customer support;
• Additional focus on payment safety;
• Reasonable prices and a full money-back guarantee;
• Free originality reports to all orders, outlines, and formatting.
• There are fewer payment options because the platform trusts only some gates.

EssayService.com – The Cheapest of the Best Research Paper Writing Services

Some might think it is expensive to buy research papers online; however, it is not the case with EssayService. The provider knows that budget is crucial for many students, so it offers many deals and discounts. For example, the first order comes with a 15% discount, which is fantastic. It is a platform of choice for those who want to save some money without compromising on quality.

Besides the budget-friendly policy, the platform delivers a wide range of papers. The writers’ team is qualified and experienced. Students can order not only research assignments but also dissertations, essays, term papers, and MBA essays.

Also, custom writing is available. The platform has excellent reviews and hundreds of thousands of happy clients.

• Various deals and discounts that make writing assistance affordable;
• A lot of free features like plagiarism reports, edits, and formatting;
• Huge range of services from essays to book reviews and more;
• Individual approach to every order and style imitation service;
• To start, you only need to deposit one-third of the price.
• Finding a suitable author for very niche topics can take time, so it is better to start ordering beforehand.

EssayHub.com – The Best Website to Write My Research Paper in 3 Hours

If you need immediate assignment writing services, EssayHub is ready to help. You can find professional research paper writers that can provide outstanding papers in only 3 hours. So it is the best platform for quickly approaching deadlines.

Also, any paper gets an unlimited number of reviews. If you are not completely satisfied immediately, you can ask a writer to make changes. We were impressed by the quality and delivery.

The delivery is speedy, and all the texts are original. Students can ask for help with any type of text they have issues with. It includes such things as discussion board posts and book reports. So it is a one-stop for all kinds of college tasks, and that’s why the platform has a great percentage of returning customers.

• Extremely quick delivery of orders even with rushed deadlines;
• Experienced writers that can nail all types of assignments;
• Reasonable pricing and easy ordering process;
• Helpful blog with tips on academic writing;
• Ability to communicate with the writer during the process;
• Authentic and original content according to your specific requirements.
• The team is comparatively small, which means the platform can process a smaller number of orders overall.

DoMyEssay.com – The Best Range of Writing Services

Although all of the platforms in the list have impressive services, this one comes first. DoMyEssay can complete anything a student can think of, from a research paper to presentations, annotated bibliographies, and reflective writing texts. It is possible because the platform has a great team of writers with various qualifications.

Students can get assistance with Statistics coursework or ask for a creative writing assignment. Another considerable advantage of this service is that it has even college professors on the team. It allows for fulfilling requirements of any complexity. And it ensures the best results and the highest grades.

Students can also rest assured that their personal data is protected with the best measures. All the papers are authentic, original, and delivered just in time.

• With the broadest range of services out there, students can get assistance with anything;
• Reasonable prices with several free features included;
• Plagiarism report included in every order;
• Style imitation ensures that the paper looks as if you write it;
• Research is based only on credible and scientifically-approved sources;
• All clients get unlimited revisions to ensure satisfaction with the result.
• Payment options are a bit limited to only credible ones;
• The first order processing can take a bit longer.

StudyFy.com – The Best Non-STEM Research Paper Writing Service

This platform delivers help with various kinds of assignments, along with homework and coursework help. Also, the team offers rewriting and editing services to polish your work before submission. The team works best with non-STEM subjects, including Business, Art, Literature, Nursing, Geography, and many more.

Another fantastic feature of this platform is the resources tab. Students can find writing tools, samples, writing, and literature guides there. All of those resources help students to become better writers. Besides that, students can also read a blog with expert guidance on the matter. The best part is that those resources are free, and anyone can access them.

The pricing is reasonable, and the team delivers high-quality and unique papers. The support team representatives are very helpful and available 24/7. Overall, it is an amazing platform for non-STEM research papers.

• Qualified team to work with tasks of different academic levels;
• Original papers with plagiarism reports and unlimited revisions;
• All the necessary features are provided for free, including the outline, title page, and formatting;
• Full confidentiality and data security;
• A lot of valuable resources for students who want to become better writers;
• Great library of essay samples on various subjects;
• Works with rushed orders and deadlines.
• No special deals or discounts are available for students.

Here Is How We Chose Our Top Research Paper Writing Services

So how did we choose these seven platforms to feature in our guide? Here is how our process works.

First, we look for popular services with appropriate ratings. If many people have reviewed it four stars and higher, we want to get a closer look. It matters what sites they are evaluated at. And we also go through the testimonials to figure out the authenticity. At this stage, our team evaluates the legitimacy of a business. Only if it is clean, do we proceed with further inspections.

Secondly, we research the business and the services it offers. We evaluate the range of papers and the team. We look into the claims before we test them out. It is essential that the platform delivers various papers because it is a sign of a diverse and expert team.

Thirdly, we place an order and wait for the result. Based on that, we get to test customer support and service convenience. Another crucial criterion is how easy it is to start and place an order. It shows how user-friendly the site is. And that’s one of the significant factors in evaluating how much the business cares about clients.

And the fourth step is to analyze the received paper in terms of originality and quality. Of course, it is the main deciding factor in our investigation. After all, this is all it comes to – how reliable the platform is. Based on the papers we’ve received, all of these platforms have proven their expertise.

Other factors we consider include additional features, discounts, and prices. Although the average costs are approximately the same, if a platform offers special deals, it can make it significantly more budget-friendly.

Confidentiality and data security are also crucial. We choose only services that imply their websites’ newest and most robust data protection features. Cyber security is something everyone must care about, especially when it comes to paid services. It is how our team inspected these seven services to make sure they are the best when it comes to research papers.

1. How Fast Can They Write My Research Paper?

The delivery time depends hugely on the complexity of the task. The harder it is, the longer it will take an expert to research and write an excellent paper. Delivering essays is pretty fast, but a research paper requires deeper insight and might take more effort.

However, some of the services in this guide work with rushed deadlines. Usually, the minimum is 3 hours. But it is always better to place an order beforehand. First of all, the rushed deadlines might come at an additional fee. Secondly, there is little room for revisions and edits if the deadline is very tight.

2. Are Research Paper Writing Services Cheap?

The average price for academic writing is about $11 per page. But the estimation for each order depends on several major factors. These are the type of assignment, complexity, volume, and deadline.

For example, the higher the academic level of the paper, the more a student will need to pay. At the same time, all the services in our list provide a handful of free features. Those mean free plagiarism reports, unlimited revisions, formatting, outlining, and a title page. Taking all of that into consideration, the price is low.

Also, you get to work with the best in the industry and communicate with authors directly. Also, some of the platforms offer regular discounts and deals for students. It makes research paper writing even more affordable.

3. Who Will Write My Research Paper?

Students choose who will complete the order. All the services listed offer this for free. After you’ve stated your requirements, you can view writers’ profiles and decide who is the most suitable for the job.

You can view the number of completed tasks and the satisfaction rate to decide on that. Also, the profiles feature each professional’s qualifications and areas of expertise. They focus on 2-3 areas they are educated and experienced at. Some are experts in the Humanities, others in STEM.

Another good way to evaluate a writer’s expertise is to read through testimonials of students that worked with them already.

4. How Safe Is It to Use Research Paper Services?

Using any of these seven platforms is completely safe. We’ve gathered only legitimate businesses that have been on the market for years. They are well-established and secure. All of them care deeply about the confidentiality of customers.

They also use various data safety measures to ensure your cooperation remains confidential. Besides that, the platforms have clear terms and conditions along with refund policies. It means that there are no risks. Students can order their papers knowing that their data is secure and they get high-quality results.

5. How Does the Payment Work?

When you place an order, you receive the estimation for your paper. After that, you choose the writer and place a deposit. After getting the paper and confirming satisfaction, the deposit goes to the service.

Some services take only a fraction of the price as a deposit, making it even more convenient for students. Satisfaction means that you’ve read the paper and have no edits or reviews needed. The services accept credit and debit cards. Those are secure and safe payment services that protect all your sensitive information.

6. Why Do Students Use Research Paper Help?

Students might need assistance for various reasons. One of the most common ones is the lack of time. Students have to manage many responsibilities, and finding the right balance is often challenging. Maybe you are overloaded with tasks or have unexpected duties to fulfill. It becomes impossible to do everything on your own.

Professionals can write a paper from scratch, or they can edit and rewrite your work so that it is outstanding. Another primary reason why students opt for such services is that they need guidance.

Academic writing is complex and requires advanced skills. If you are not confident in your research or writing, getting an objective and expert perspective on that is a good idea.

7. How to Order a Research Paper?

To order the paper, you need to go to the website of the provider you’ve chosen from the list. All of them have a convenient ordering system. Students get to fill in the form. First, you need to specify all the fundamental requirements like academic level, type of paper, and deadline. Secondly, you need to put in all other additional requirements.

Usually, students can either type them in or upload a task document. These requirements include professor instructions, textbook information, style specifics, etc. The more specific you’ll be, the better the result you’ll get.

After that, you proceed to choose an author and place a deposit. You can chat with the author while they are working on your text. Students can check on the progress or share more details in person.

8. Will I Get the Original Papers?

Yes, all the papers provided by these services are original and plagiarism-free. We’ve investigated it based on our orders. Originality is one of the crucial demands in the academic world. That’s why professional platforms take pride in the authenticity of their assistance.

Every order is handled individually. There are no premade texts. A writer will start working on an order from scratch (unless you want rewriting or editing).

It begins with proper research of peer-reviewed and scientifically-approved sources. Then comes the outline, draft, and final version.

All the orders come with a plagiarism report so that customers can be confident that they get an original assignment. Also, the style imitation feature allows getting texts that are written in your unique way.

9. What Happens If I Do Not Like the Paper?

If you are dissatisfied, you can ask for as many reviews and edits as needed. In our experience, all the papers were of excellent quality. But miscommunications and errors can happen. If you feel something should be edited, ask the writer to do it without additional charges.

Also, the platforms in our list offer partial and complete refund policies. It is proof of a business being confident in the quality of services.

Final Thoughts Top Research Paper Writing Services Websites

Getting professional assistance with college papers is an excellent way to keep up with all the duties. It is also a powerful learning opportunity. Students can communicate with experts, get an objective perspective on their work, and learn from the best. But it is vital to know who to trust your time and money with. Our team wants to help students get the best services and avoid any risks. That’s why we’ve investigated these services to make sure they are the best in research paper writing.

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Research Paper Editing Services

Take Your Research To The Next Level

Academic Research Paper Proofreading

Good research is careful, thorough, and comprehensive. But unless your writing has these qualities, too, it may be difficult to communicate your ideas clearly. So if you’re writing up your research, our dedicated research paper  proofreading service  will ensure you can present your findings with confidence.

Expert Editor

We’re Expert Academic Editors

Our editors are highly educated and trained, coming from a range of academic backgrounds. In addition, we have helped many researchers convey their findings clearly and concisely, helping to prepare countless papers for publication. So if you need academic proofreading or editing, we’re the experts.

Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing

When you submit a research paper for proofreading, our editors will:

• Correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors
• Check sentence structure for concision and clarity
• Ensure use of a suitably academic tone and vocabulary
• Highlight areas that may require clarification
• Offer helpful feedback on writing style in comments

And to ensure you are in full control of the final draft, we also provide two copies of your edited paper when we’re done:

• A ‘Clean’ copy in the original file format
• A Track Changes  copy  saved as an MS Word document

We use this ‘Track Changes’ copy to highlight all edits in the document, so you can review our work and make further changes if required. And if your  chosen file format  doesn’t support Track Changes, we can adapt our process.

We are experts at formatting research according to journal or university guidelines. To get your research paper formatted, simply select our flexible  formatting service  at checkout and let us know your requirements.

Lightning-Fast Delivery

You’ll never miss a deadline with our speedy services: our Next-Day Guarantee means we’ll return any document up to 10,000 words long within 24 hours

And if you need a faster turnaround, simply select your desired delivery speed when you submit your document. We have three options:

We can also meet custom deadlines! Just let us know what you need.

*For documents up to 8,000 words 

**For documents up to 3,000 words

How We Work With Academics

You’ll never miss a deadline with our speedy services: our Next-Day Guarantee means we’ll return any document up to 8,000 words long within 24 hours.

And if you need a faster turnaround, simply select your desired delivery speed when you submit your document. We have three options

We can also meet custom deadlines! Just let us know what you need. 

* For documents up to 8,000 words

** For documents up to 3,000 words

Great Pricing

Our pricing is affordable and transparent – the cost is based on the exact length of your document. Check out our pricing calculator for an instant quote, and rest assured that you’ll receive the highest quality proofreading and editing for the best value on the market.

Referencing Expertise

Our team includes experts in various referencing styles and systems, including AMA, APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, and IEEE. No matter what style you’re using, though, we can check that your citations and references are correct and let you know if any information is missing. Visit our referencing page to learn more.

Subject-Matter Experts

Our team includes over 750 professional editors with backgrounds in a wide range of disciplines, so we’ll always match you with the best editor for your writing, whether you need help with a sociology dissertation, handouts for a music theory lecture, or a biology research paper.

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Hire a Research Paper Writer for Your Writing Projects

Browse 10,268 research paper writers online, hire skilled freelance research paper writing freelancers on guru and get work done on a flexible and secure platform.

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Top Research Paper Writers

Research Paper Writer

New Delhi, Delhi, India

• Research Papers
• Article Writing
• Blog Writing
• Content Writing
• Copywriting
• Energy Management
• Healthcare Consulting

Content Writing |Copywriter | Blogs

Top Guru Assistants content strategist with 12+ years of industry experience, We create personalized content roadmaps for clients across the board. Writing content and social media that enhances the visibility of any brand and helps them position themselves in the best possible way is our forte. A passionate health and wellness writer too, we have now added writing well-researched articles on medical cannabis/marijuana to our arsenal. Understanding your business/product/service and what you wish... View more

Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan

• Report Writing
• Secondary Research
• Statement of Purpose (SOP) Writing

Writing Research

I''m a freelance writer and fact-checker with a keen eye for detail and a passion for accuracy. I can help you elevate your content by: Conducting in-depth research: I''ll delve into reliable sources to gather the information you need, saving you valuable time. Crafting compelling copy: Whether it''s an engaging blog post, a persuasive article, or informative website content, I''ll write clear and concise text that resonates with your audience. Ensuring factual accuracy: I''ll meticulously fact-check... View more

Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

• Biography Writing
• Book Editing
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White Papers

About this gig Let me write your white paper for you. My work is always original. I never plagiarize or recycle projects. I will select new, peer-reviewed scientific journal articles for your paper and include all cited work in the references page. All work will be in APA format, Times New Roman, size 12 font. I am a doctoral candidate and have a ton of experience in writing research papers. Although my major is in public health/epidemiology, I can write a paper for you on almost any subject. Pl... View more

Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

• Research Articles
• Research Article
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• Communication Skills

Creative, Content and Technical Writing

Professional Research, Article and Technical Writer            My goal is to create high-level writing content. I am on the way to achieve my goal.  I am experienced in the following fields: -  1. Digital Marketer                           2. Facebook Marketing                                              3. Research Writing  4. Blog Post Writer                           5. Article Writing                                                    6. Internet Research         7. Content Writing         ... View more

San Jose, California, United States

• Research Writing
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Writing for Scientific Research

I can provide you with the service of technical writing for scientific research reports. I will conduct the research, analyze the data, and write the report in a clear and concise manner that is compliant with the requirements of the target journal, conference, or magazine. I will also ensure that the report is formatted according to the target publication''s guidelines, including font, column width, and citation style. Here are some of the benefits of working with me: I have a strong background ... View more

Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

• Paper Writing
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Academic writing

As an accomplished academic writer, I offer a comprehensive range of writing services tailored to meet the diverse needs of clients in the academic realm. My expertise spans various disciplines, including but not limited to humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. KEY SKILLS: Proficient in conducting extensive research and analysis to develop well-structured and insightful academic papers. Adept at adhering to various citation styles, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard... View more

Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

• Annotated Bibliography
• Research Paper
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APA & MLA Papers|Essays|Dissertations

I am a versatile and client-oriented academic writer with five years of experience. I offer quality research papers, thesis, dissertations, and essays to match all your requirements.My main subjects of specialization include:business,management,finance,education,health,accounting,project management, business communication and media, religion, technology, international relations, sociology, nursing, Psychology, medicine and health etc. I can write on any topic.My papers are free from grammatical ... View more

Jatoi, Punjab, Pakistan

• Research Paper Writing
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Thesis, Reports & Research Paper Writing

Writing the research is not so easy but don''t worry, i''ll do. i am experienced research paper, thesis and research based writing freelancer since 2010. I have practical hands on it and did lot of researches before writing. I offer plagiarism free research writing. You can find my research based writing stuff samples including thesis, papers, reports, articles, blogs and essays in my portfolio. i''ll offer negotiable services depending on work time limit, quantity and quality. I am available for ... View more

Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

• Arabic Language
• Data Entry Typing
• Essay Writing
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writing research,articles and essays

I am a writer who can write research papers, articles,essays,social media posts,websites articles as best as possible in Arabic and Urdu. I have most experience in this field and completed a lot of projects at many platforms of freelancing. Author of two book. In the result of above mentioned skills achieved experience in data entry and typing. View more

Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan

• Educational Writing
• Report Writer

Research Reports & Essays

?Expert Researcher and Writer for Essays, Reports, Papers and Articles? Got a deadline breathing down your neck? Need a killer research report, essay, paper, case study, or article pronto? You''re in the right spot! I''m geared up to be your go-to research and writing guru. I''ll dive into the details, gather info with precision, and whip up polished essays, reports, papers, or articles crafted exclusively for your needs. Throughout my career, I have compiled various essays, reports, papers, and ar... View more

Rawalpindi, Sindh, Pakistan

• Academic Content Writing
• Analytical Writing

Academic Research Writing

With expertise in writing well-research articles in the domains of Social Sciences, I have equipped myself with the vast knowledge of International Relations, US history, World Politics and Diplomacy. If you seek quick help in such domains of Social Sciences, you have reached a perfect gig. My expertise includes (with no limits to): International Relations: Theories of IR ("isms") and International Law Political Science: Governments, Political Systems, Political Ideology, the Big Game, Political... View more

Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

• Engineering (Mechanical / Chemical / Civil / Electrical)
• Literature Review
• Mechanical Engineering
• Proposal Writing

Good day, I have completed my own research paper previously about " Renewable energy". Now, I think I will help people out there to help them to write their own research papers. # Educational background:- B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering. # Previously done:- Paper on renewable energy. (I am uploading it on portfolio) #Service I am offering: Table of content creation # I will help you to find out a suitable topic to have a go. ## Most importantly I have a good precise and concise hand on some si... View more

• Academic Consulting
• Assignment Writing

Research Paper and Academic Writing

Hi, I am providing assignment writing, research paper writing, research article writing and all kinds of academic writing services. Kind Regards View more

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

• Scientific Research
• Scientific Writing

Research Paper Writing and editing

I've written an edited several research papers and book chapters and know how to get it done. I can do the writing work based on the given references and results. I've been there and know how tedious it gets to the writing and referencing after going through the turmoil of finding the desired results conclusions. I can help you get the writing work done in a short duration while you can focus on your research or other things. View more

As a professional research writer, I possess the skills and expertise to conduct thorough research and produce high-quality written content that effectively communicates research findings. With experience in various research methods and techniques, I am capable of delivering insightful reports, academic papers, and other research-based content that meets the specific needs of my clients. I am committed to upholding ethical and legal standards, and I take pride in presenting my work in a clear, c... View more

Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

• Research Report
• Academic Papers

Research, Case-study & Reports writing

Hi, I''m Abdullah. I am an experienced writer with 7 years of experience. I have been writing research-based content for many clients in the across the globe. I am having experience in writing research reports, thesis, essays, case studies and proposals.  I have been providing 100% plagiarism-free and original research-based content for my clients. I will handle topics in different domains including, organisational behaviour, business ethics, human resources, economics, finance, accounting, psych... View more

Giza, Al Jizah, Egypt

• Academic Paper

Research paper writing

Are you in search of a skilled and reliable freelance writer to elevate your research paper projects to new heights? Look no further! I offer a comprehensive freelance research paper writing service tailored to meet the diverse needs of clients across academia, business, and beyond. What Sets My Service Apart: Expertise and Specialization: With a background in [insert your area of expertise or relevant qualifications], I bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise to every project. Whether you req... View more

Jhang Sadar, Punjab, Pakistan

• Research Writer
• Multicultural Education
• Netnography
• Qualitative Research
• Review Articles

Qualitative Research Writer

I will write a hundred percent original document (be it an research project, research writing, netnography social media research, review of articles ) that has been effectively accurate.  I have well experience of doing anthropological research writings. I have done multiple research projects based on villages, shrines and madrasahs as you can see my portfolio. I am willing to do work on any topic that is needed to be cover. If you need any services related to it, feel free to contact me. View more

Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

• Academic Writing And Research

If you want help in academic writing. I’ll be there for you and write 100% unique and well-researched content for you. List of services Essay writing Research paper Educational blog post Assignments Report Writing prompt Proofreading and Editing Please feel free to contact me for detailed discussion about your project. View more

Academic Writer / Research Analyst

Hi, I am a Professional Academic writer. I have long experience in academic writing.  I am here to help you because... Sometimes writing an assignment, essay, thesis, Research paper, course work or a final year project can be stressful but with this online opportunity you can solve your problem. I will write a perfect assignment or research paper for you that will give you excellent grades/marks.    Areas of Expertise : International Relations Current Affairs Social Sciences Economics History Ge... View more

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How to Hire a Research Paper Writer

Research paper writing is a form of academic writing which details the outcomes of a research study. It is done as a part of scholarly research, course assignments and sample surveys. The goal of professional research paper writers is to describe how the research was carried out and report the findings of the research. Students, academicians and research organizations require research paper writers for hire to help them write professional research papers. They help in performing big data collation that is further used in research papers, pre-thesis drafts and theses. Conducting research takes a lot of effort, so outsourcing the task of writing a research paper can help you save a great amount of time.

You can get the best research paper writers who are specialized in your field of research. All you have to do is provide a short brief and share the materials and data pertaining to your research. If you want to keep your research data confidential, you can ask your writer to sign a non-disclosure agreement before proceeding with your project.

What Do Freelance Online Research Paper Writers Do?

Research paper writers thoroughly work on each and every aspect of your research. They go through your notes and data to gain insights about your research methodology. Typically, the best research paper writers start by writing an abstract which briefly explains the purpose of the research. The abstract is then followed by an introduction which provides some background information on the research.  A major part of the research paper is dedicated to writing about materials and methodology. The final section of a research paper presents the results and findings of data. Research specialists make sure that every reference is properly cited and that a bibliography section is present at the end of the research paper.

If you want to write a research paper or dissertation for reporting your research findings, you can consider research paper writers for hire on the top freelance marketplaces, like Guru. Before hiring an online research paper writer, you need to ensure that your freelancer has:

Good skills in scientific reporting and is familiar with the format and terminologies used in research papers and documents.

Capability to conduct a literature review and use credible sources of information for the same.

Ability to follow specific criteria set by universities or journal editorial committees for writing different sections and presenting diagrams, tables and charts.

Familiarity with different citation styles such as APA, MLA and Harvard.

Capability to follow a particular style for in-text citations as well as bibliography as specified by the client.

Qualifications of Freelance Research Paper Writers

It is ideal that your freelancer has:

Professional education and training in writing and communication, and knowledge of a particular scientific discipline.

Knowledge of credible sources of information such as peer-reviewed journal articles, government documents and global guidelines.

Strong command of the English language and knowledge of appropriate scientific terminology.

Extensive portfolio of several research papers and dissertations written for different clients.

Benefits of Hiring Freelance Research Paper Writers

Hire a research paper writer and get your work done:

You can hire a freelancer online for helping you compile all your research findings in a well-formatted document.

They can help you prepare flowcharts, process diagrams and relationship diagrams.

They can organize and compile your data in the form of tables, graphs and charts.

They can prepare accurate references and appendix sections pertaining to the specific requirements.

Post a job today and receive free quotes from research paper writers within hours.

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How to publish your research

A step-by-step guide to getting published.

Publishing your research is an important step in your academic career. While there isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach, this guide is designed to take you through the typical steps in publishing a research paper.

Discover how to get your paper published, from choosing the right journal and understanding what a peer reviewed article is, to responding to reviewers and navigating the production process.

Step 1: Choosing a journal

Choosing which journal to publish your research paper in is one of the most significant decisions you have to make as a researcher. Where you decide to submit your work can make a big difference to the reach and impact your research has.

It’s important to take your time to consider your options carefully and analyze each aspect of journal submission – from shortlisting titles to your preferred method of publication, for example open access .

Don’t forget to think about publishing options beyond the traditional journals format – for example, open research platform F1000Research , which offers rapid, open publication for a wide range of outputs.

Why choose your target journal before you start writing?

The first step in publishing a research paper should always be selecting the journal you want to publish in. Choosing your target journal before you start writing means you can tailor your work to build on research that’s already been published in that journal. This can help editors to see how a paper adds to the ‘conversation’ in their journal.

In addition, many journals only accept specific manuscript formats of article. So, by choosing a journal before you start, you can write your article to their specifications and audience, and ultimately improve your chances of acceptance.

To save time and for peace of mind, you can consider using manuscript formatting experts while you focus on your research.

How to select the journal to publish your research in

Choosing which journal to publish your research in can seem like an overwhelming task. So, for all the details of how to navigate this important step in publishing your research paper, take a look at our choosing a journal guide . This will take you through the selection process, from understanding the aims and scope of the journals you’re interested in to making sure you choose a trustworthy journal.

Don’t forget to explore our Journal Suggester to see which Taylor & Francis journals could be right for your research.

Go to guidance on choosing a journal

Step 2: Writing your paper

Writing an effective, compelling research paper  is vital to getting your research published. But if you’re new to putting together academic papers, it can feel daunting to start from scratch.

The good news is that if you’ve chosen the journal you want to publish in, you’ll have lots of examples already published in that journal to base your own paper on. We’ve gathered advice on every aspect of writing your paper, to make sure you get off to a great start.

How to write your paper

How you write your paper will depend on your chosen journal, your subject area, and the type of paper you’re writing. Everything from the style and structure you choose to the audience you should have in mind while writing will differ, so it’s important to think about these things before you get stuck in.

Our  writing your paper guidance  will take you through everything you need to know to put together your research article and prepare it for submission. This includes getting to know your target journal, understanding your audiences, and how to choose appropriate keywords.

You can also use this guide to take you through your research publication journey .

You should also make sure you’re aware of all the Editorial Policies  for the journal you plan to submit to. Don’t forget that you can contact our  editing services  to help you refine your manuscript.

Discover advice and guidance for writing your paper

Step 3: Making your submission

Once you’ve chosen the right journal and written your manuscript, the next step in publishing your research paper is  to make your submission .

Each journal will have specific submission requirements, so make sure you visit  Taylor & Francis Online  and carefully check through the  instructions for authors  for your chosen journal.

How to submit your manuscript

To submit your manuscript you’ll need to ensure that you’ve gone through all the steps in our  making your submission  guide. This includes thoroughly understanding your chosen journal’s instructions for authors, writing an effective cover letter, navigating the journal’s submission system, and making sure your research data is prepared as required.

You can also  improve your submission experience  with our guide to avoid obstacles and complete a seamless submission.

To make sure you’ve covered everything before you hit ‘submit’ you can also take a look at our  ‘ready to submit’ checklist  (don’t forget, you should only submit to one journal at a time).

Understand the process of making your submission

Step 4: Navigating the peer review process

Now you’ve submitted your manuscript, you need to get to grips with one of the most important parts of publishing your research paper –  the peer review process .

What is peer review?

Peer review is the independent assessment of your research article by independent experts in your field. Reviewers, also sometimes called ‘referees’, are asked to judge the validity, significance, and originality of your work.

This process ensures that a peer-reviewed article has been through a rigorous process to make sure the methodology is sound, the work can be replicated, and it fits with the aims and scope of the journal that is considering it for publication. It acts as an important form of quality control for research papers.

Peer review is also a very useful source of feedback, helping you to improve your paper before it’s published. It is intended to be a collaborative process, where authors engage in a dialogue with their peers and receive constructive feedback and support to advance their work.

Almost all research articles go through peer review, although in some cases the journal may operate post-publication peer review, which means that reviews and reader comments are invited after the paper is published.

If you’ll like to feel more confident before getting your work peer reviewed by the journal, you may want to consider using an  in-depth technical review service from experts.

Understanding peer review

Peer review can be a complex process to get your head around. That’s why we’ve put together a  comprehensive guide to understanding peer review . This explains everything from the many different types of peer review to the step-by-step peer review process and how to revise your manuscript. It also has helpful advice on what to do if your manuscript is rejected.

Visit our peer review guide for authors

Step 5: The production process

If your paper is accepted for publication, it will then head into  production . At this stage of the process, the paper will be prepared for publishing in your chosen journal.

A lot of the work to produce the final version of your paper will be done by the journal production team, but your input will be required at various stages of the process.

What do you need to do during production?

During production, you’ll have a variety of tasks to complete and decisions to make. For example, you’ll need to check and correct proofs of your article and consider whether or not you want to  produce a video abstract  to accompany it.

Take a look at  our guide to the production process  to find out what you’ll need to do in this final step to getting your research published.

Your research is published – now what?

You’ve successfully navigated publishing a research paper – congratulations! But the process doesn’t stop there. Now your research is published in a journal for the world to see, you’ll need to know  how to access your article  and  make sure it has an impact .

Here’s a  quick tip on how to boost your research impact  by investing in making your accomplishments stand out.

Below you’ll find helpful tips and post-publication support. From how to communicate about your research to how to request corrections or translations.

How to access your published article

When you publish with Taylor & Francis, you’ll have access to a new section on Taylor & Francis Online called  Authored Works . This will give you and all other named authors perpetual access to your article, regardless of whether or not you have a subscription to the journal you have published in.

You can also  order print copies of your article .

How to make sure your research has an impact

Taking the time to make sure your research has an impact can help drive your career progression, build your networks, and secure funding for new research. So, it’s worth investing in.

Creating a real impact with your work can be a challenging and time-consuming task, which can feel difficult to fit into an already demanding academic career.

To help you understand what impact means for you and your work, take a look at  our guide to research impact . It covers why impact is important, the different types of impact you can have, how to achieve impact – including tips on communicating with a variety of audiences – and how to measure your success.

Keeping track of your article’s progress

Through your  Authored Works access , you’ll be able to get real-time insights about your article, such as views, downloads and citation numbers.

In addition, when you publish an article with us, you’ll be offered the option to sign up for email updates. These emails will be sent to you three, six and twelve months after your article is published to let you know how many views and citations the article has had.

Corrections and translations of published articles

Sometimes after an article has been published it may be necessary to make a change to the  Version of Record . Take a look at our dedicated  guide to corrections, expressions of concern, retractions and removals  to find out more.

You may also be interested in translating your article into another language. If that’s the case, take a look at our  information on article translations .

Go to your guide on moving through production

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Insights topic: Get published

5 practical tips for writing an academic article 

5 ways to avoid the wrong journal and find the right one

5 key benefits of using an academic editing service

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Home » Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Paper

Definition:

Research Paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.

It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new knowledge or insights to a particular field of study, and to demonstrate the author’s understanding of the existing literature and theories related to the topic.

Structure of Research Paper

The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper:

The title page contains the title of the paper, the name(s) of the author(s), and the affiliation(s) of the author(s). It also includes the date of submission and possibly, the name of the journal or conference where the paper is to be published.

The abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, typically ranging from 100 to 250 words. It should include the research question, the methods used, the key findings, and the implications of the results. The abstract should be written in a concise and clear manner to allow readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.

Introduction

The introduction section of a research paper provides background information about the research problem, the research question, and the research objectives. It also outlines the significance of the research, the research gap that it aims to fill, and the approach taken to address the research question. Finally, the introduction section ends with a clear statement of the research hypothesis or research question.

Literature Review

The literature review section of a research paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the topic of study. It includes a critical analysis and synthesis of the literature, highlighting the key concepts, themes, and debates. The literature review should also demonstrate the research gap and how the current study seeks to address it.

The methods section of a research paper describes the research design, the sample selection, the data collection and analysis procedures, and the statistical methods used to analyze the data. This section should provide sufficient detail for other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the research, using tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the data. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, with reference to the research question and hypothesis.

The discussion section of a research paper interprets the findings and discusses their implications for the research question, the literature review, and the field of study. It should also address the limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study, restates the research question and hypothesis, and provides a final reflection on the significance of the research.

The references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style such as APA, MLA or Chicago.

How to Write Research Paper

You can write Research Paper by the following guide:

• Choose a Topic: The first step is to select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Brainstorm ideas and narrow down to a research question that is specific and researchable.
• Conduct a Literature Review: The literature review helps you identify the gap in the existing research and provides a basis for your research question. It also helps you to develop a theoretical framework and research hypothesis.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the main argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise and specific to your research question.
• Plan your Research: Develop a research plan that outlines the methods, data sources, and data analysis procedures. This will help you to collect and analyze data effectively.
• Collect and Analyze Data: Collect data using various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Analyze data using statistical tools or other qualitative methods.
• Organize your Paper : Organize your paper into sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Ensure that each section is coherent and follows a logical flow.
• Write your Paper : Start by writing the introduction, followed by the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and follows the required formatting and citation styles.
• Edit and Proofread your Paper: Review your paper for grammar and spelling errors, and ensure that it is well-structured and easy to read. Ask someone else to review your paper to get feedback and suggestions for improvement.
• Cite your Sources: Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. This is essential for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism.

Research Paper Example

Note : The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors. Students should always consult with their professors or supervisors for specific guidelines and expectations for their research papers.

Research Paper Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic. A survey was then administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Introduction: Social media has become an integral part of modern life, particularly among young adults. While social media has many benefits, including increased communication and social connectivity, it has also been associated with negative outcomes, such as addiction, cyberbullying, and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults.

Literature Review: The literature review highlights the existing research on the impact of social media use on mental health. The review shows that social media use is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health problems. The review also identifies the factors that contribute to the negative impact of social media, including social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Methods : A survey was administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The survey included questions on social media use, mental health status (measured using the DASS-21), and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.

Results : The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Discussion : The study’s findings suggest that social media use has a negative impact on the mental health of young adults. The study highlights the need for interventions that address the factors contributing to the negative impact of social media, such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Conclusion : In conclusion, social media use has a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions that promote healthy social media use and address the negative outcomes associated with social media use. Future research can explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health. Additionally, longitudinal studies can investigate the long-term effects of social media use on mental health.

Limitations : The study has some limitations, including the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design. The use of self-report measures may result in biased responses, and a cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality.

Implications: The study’s findings have implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. Mental health professionals can use the findings to develop interventions that address the negative impact of social media use on mental health. Educators can incorporate social media literacy into their curriculum to promote healthy social media use among young adults. Policymakers can use the findings to develop policies that protect young adults from the negative outcomes associated with social media use.

References :

• Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive medicine reports, 15, 100918.
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., … & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
• Van der Meer, T. G., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2017). Social media and its impact on academic performance of students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 383-398.

Appendix : The survey used in this study is provided below.

Social Media and Mental Health Survey

• How often do you use social media per day?
• Less than 30 minutes
• 30 minutes to 1 hour
• 1 to 2 hours
• 2 to 4 hours
• More than 4 hours
• Which social media platforms do you use?
• Others (Please specify)
• How often do you experience the following on social media?
• Social comparison (comparing yourself to others)
• Cyberbullying
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
• Have you ever experienced any of the following mental health problems in the past month?
• Do you think social media use has a positive or negative impact on your mental health?
• Very positive
• Somewhat positive
• Somewhat negative
• Very negative
• In your opinion, which factors contribute to the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Social comparison
• In your opinion, what interventions could be effective in reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Education on healthy social media use
• Counseling for mental health problems caused by social media
• Social media detox programs
• Regulation of social media use

Thank you for your participation!

Applications of Research Paper

Research papers have several applications in various fields, including:

• Advancing knowledge: Research papers contribute to the advancement of knowledge by generating new insights, theories, and findings that can inform future research and practice. They help to answer important questions, clarify existing knowledge, and identify areas that require further investigation.
• Informing policy: Research papers can inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. They can help to identify gaps in current policies, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and inform the development of new policies and regulations.
• Improving practice: Research papers can improve practice by providing evidence-based guidance for professionals in various fields, including medicine, education, business, and psychology. They can inform the development of best practices, guidelines, and standards of care that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• Educating students : Research papers are often used as teaching tools in universities and colleges to educate students about research methods, data analysis, and academic writing. They help students to develop critical thinking skills, research skills, and communication skills that are essential for success in many careers.
• Fostering collaboration: Research papers can foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and ideas. They can facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships that can lead to innovative solutions to complex problems.

When to Write Research Paper

Research papers are typically written when a person has completed a research project or when they have conducted a study and have obtained data or findings that they want to share with the academic or professional community. Research papers are usually written in academic settings, such as universities, but they can also be written in professional settings, such as research organizations, government agencies, or private companies.

Here are some common situations where a person might need to write a research paper:

• For academic purposes: Students in universities and colleges are often required to write research papers as part of their coursework, particularly in the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Writing research papers helps students to develop research skills, critical thinking skills, and academic writing skills.
• For publication: Researchers often write research papers to publish their findings in academic journals or to present their work at academic conferences. Publishing research papers is an important way to disseminate research findings to the academic community and to establish oneself as an expert in a particular field.
• To inform policy or practice : Researchers may write research papers to inform policy decisions or to improve practice in various fields. Research findings can be used to inform the development of policies, guidelines, and best practices that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• To share new insights or ideas: Researchers may write research papers to share new insights or ideas with the academic or professional community. They may present new theories, propose new research methods, or challenge existing paradigms in their field.

Purpose of Research Paper

The purpose of a research paper is to present the results of a study or investigation in a clear, concise, and structured manner. Research papers are written to communicate new knowledge, ideas, or findings to a specific audience, such as researchers, scholars, practitioners, or policymakers. The primary purposes of a research paper are:

• To contribute to the body of knowledge : Research papers aim to add new knowledge or insights to a particular field or discipline. They do this by reporting the results of empirical studies, reviewing and synthesizing existing literature, proposing new theories, or providing new perspectives on a topic.
• To inform or persuade: Research papers are written to inform or persuade the reader about a particular issue, topic, or phenomenon. They present evidence and arguments to support their claims and seek to persuade the reader of the validity of their findings or recommendations.
• To advance the field: Research papers seek to advance the field or discipline by identifying gaps in knowledge, proposing new research questions or approaches, or challenging existing assumptions or paradigms. They aim to contribute to ongoing debates and discussions within a field and to stimulate further research and inquiry.
• To demonstrate research skills: Research papers demonstrate the author’s research skills, including their ability to design and conduct a study, collect and analyze data, and interpret and communicate findings. They also demonstrate the author’s ability to critically evaluate existing literature, synthesize information from multiple sources, and write in a clear and structured manner.

Characteristics of Research Paper

Research papers have several characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of academic or professional writing. Here are some common characteristics of research papers:

• Evidence-based: Research papers are based on empirical evidence, which is collected through rigorous research methods such as experiments, surveys, observations, or interviews. They rely on objective data and facts to support their claims and conclusions.
• Structured and organized: Research papers have a clear and logical structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. They are organized in a way that helps the reader to follow the argument and understand the findings.
• Formal and objective: Research papers are written in a formal and objective tone, with an emphasis on clarity, precision, and accuracy. They avoid subjective language or personal opinions and instead rely on objective data and analysis to support their arguments.
• Citations and references: Research papers include citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. They use a specific citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to ensure consistency and accuracy.
• Peer-reviewed: Research papers are often peer-reviewed, which means they are evaluated by other experts in the field before they are published. Peer-review ensures that the research is of high quality, meets ethical standards, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
• Objective and unbiased: Research papers strive to be objective and unbiased in their presentation of the findings. They avoid personal biases or preconceptions and instead rely on the data and analysis to draw conclusions.

Advantages of Research Paper

Research papers have many advantages, both for the individual researcher and for the broader academic and professional community. Here are some advantages of research papers:

• Contribution to knowledge: Research papers contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline. They add new information, insights, and perspectives to existing literature and help advance the understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue.
• Opportunity for intellectual growth: Research papers provide an opportunity for intellectual growth for the researcher. They require critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which can help develop the researcher’s skills and knowledge.
• Career advancement: Research papers can help advance the researcher’s career by demonstrating their expertise and contributions to the field. They can also lead to new research opportunities, collaborations, and funding.
• Academic recognition: Research papers can lead to academic recognition in the form of awards, grants, or invitations to speak at conferences or events. They can also contribute to the researcher’s reputation and standing in the field.
• Impact on policy and practice: Research papers can have a significant impact on policy and practice. They can inform policy decisions, guide practice, and lead to changes in laws, regulations, or procedures.
• Advancement of society: Research papers can contribute to the advancement of society by addressing important issues, identifying solutions to problems, and promoting social justice and equality.

Limitations of Research Paper

Research papers also have some limitations that should be considered when interpreting their findings or implications. Here are some common limitations of research papers:

• Limited generalizability: Research findings may not be generalizable to other populations, settings, or contexts. Studies often use specific samples or conditions that may not reflect the broader population or real-world situations.
• Potential for bias : Research papers may be biased due to factors such as sample selection, measurement errors, or researcher biases. It is important to evaluate the quality of the research design and methods used to ensure that the findings are valid and reliable.
• Ethical concerns: Research papers may raise ethical concerns, such as the use of vulnerable populations or invasive procedures. Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limitations of methodology: Research papers may be limited by the methodology used to collect and analyze data. For example, certain research methods may not capture the complexity or nuance of a particular phenomenon, or may not be appropriate for certain research questions.
• Publication bias: Research papers may be subject to publication bias, where positive or significant findings are more likely to be published than negative or non-significant findings. This can skew the overall findings of a particular area of research.
• Time and resource constraints: Research papers may be limited by time and resource constraints, which can affect the quality and scope of the research. Researchers may not have access to certain data or resources, or may be unable to conduct long-term studies due to practical limitations.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Writing a Research Paper

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The Research Paper

There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently stems from the fact that many students are unfamiliar and inexperienced with this genre of writing. Never fear—inexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you can change through practice! Writing a research paper is an essential aspect of academics and should not be avoided on account of one's anxiety. In fact, the process of writing a research paper can be one of the more rewarding experiences one may encounter in academics. What is more, many students will continue to do research throughout their careers, which is one of the reasons this topic is so important.

Becoming an experienced researcher and writer in any field or discipline takes a great deal of practice. There are few individuals for whom this process comes naturally. Remember, even the most seasoned academic veterans have had to learn how to write a research paper at some point in their career. Therefore, with diligence, organization, practice, a willingness to learn (and to make mistakes!), and, perhaps most important of all, patience, students will find that they can achieve great things through their research and writing.

The pages in this section cover the following topic areas related to the process of writing a research paper:

• Genre - This section will provide an overview for understanding the difference between an analytical and argumentative research paper.
• Choosing a Topic - This section will guide the student through the process of choosing topics, whether the topic be one that is assigned or one that the student chooses themselves.
• Identifying an Audience - This section will help the student understand the often times confusing topic of audience by offering some basic guidelines for the process.
• Where Do I Begin - This section concludes the handout by offering several links to resources at Purdue, and also provides an overview of the final stages of writing a research paper.

1000+ FREE Research Topics & Title Ideas

Select your area of interest to view a collection of potential research topics and ideas.

Or grab the full list 📋 (for free)

PS – You can also check out our free topic ideation webinar for more ideas

How To Find A Research Topic

If you’re struggling to get started, this step-by-step video tutorial will help you find the perfect research topic.

Research Topic FAQs

What (exactly) is a research topic.

A research topic is the subject of a research project or study – for example, a dissertation or thesis. A research topic typically takes the form of a problem to be solved, or a question to be answered.

A good research topic should be specific enough to allow for focused research and analysis. For example, if you are interested in studying the effects of climate change on agriculture, your research topic could focus on how rising temperatures have impacted crop yields in certain regions over time.

To learn more about the basics of developing a research topic, consider our free research topic ideation webinar.

What constitutes a good research topic?

A strong research topic comprises three important qualities : originality, value and feasibility.

• Originality – a good topic explores an original area or takes a novel angle on an existing area of study.
• Value – a strong research topic provides value and makes a contribution, either academically or practically.
• Feasibility – a good research topic needs to be practical and manageable, given the resource constraints you face.

To learn more about what makes for a high-quality research topic, check out this post .

What's the difference between a research topic and research problem?

A research topic and a research problem are two distinct concepts that are often confused. A research topic is a broader label that indicates the focus of the study , while a research problem is an issue or gap in knowledge within the broader field that needs to be addressed.

To illustrate this distinction, consider a student who has chosen “teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom” as their research topic. This research topic could encompass any number of issues related to teenage pregnancy such as causes, prevention strategies, health outcomes for mothers and babies, etc.

Within this broad category (the research topic) lies potential areas of inquiry that can be explored further – these become the research problems . For example:

• What factors contribute to higher rates of teenage pregnancy in certain communities?
• How do different types of parenting styles affect teen pregnancy rates?
• What interventions have been successful in reducing teenage pregnancies?

Simply put, a key difference between a research topic and a research problem is scope ; the research topic provides an umbrella under which multiple questions can be asked, while the research problem focuses on one specific question or set of questions within that larger context.

How can I find potential research topics for my project?

There are many steps involved in the process of finding and choosing a high-quality research topic for a dissertation or thesis. We cover these steps in detail in this video (also accessible below).

How can I find quality sources for my research topic?

Finding quality sources is an essential step in the topic ideation process. To do this, you should start by researching scholarly journals, books, and other academic publications related to your topic. These sources can provide reliable information on a wide range of topics. Additionally, they may contain data or statistics that can help support your argument or conclusions.

Identifying Relevant Sources

When searching for relevant sources, it’s important to look beyond just published material; try using online databases such as Google Scholar or JSTOR to find articles from reputable journals that have been peer-reviewed by experts in the field.

You can also use search engines like Google or Bing to locate websites with useful information about your topic. However, be sure to evaluate any website before citing it as a source—look for evidence of authorship (such as an “About Us” page) and make sure the content is up-to-date and accurate before relying on it.

Evaluating Sources

Once you’ve identified potential sources for your research project, take some time to evaluate them thoroughly before deciding which ones will best serve your purpose. Consider factors such as author credibility (are they an expert in their field?), publication date (is the source current?), objectivity (does the author present both sides of an issue?) and relevance (how closely does this source relate to my specific topic?).

By researching the current literature on your topic, you can identify potential sources that will help to provide quality information. Once you’ve identified these sources, it’s time to look for a gap in the research and determine what new knowledge could be gained from further study.

How can I find a good research gap?

Finding a strong gap in the literature is an essential step when looking for potential research topics. We explain what research gaps are and how to find them in this post.

How should I evaluate potential research topics/ideas?

When evaluating potential research topics, it is important to consider the factors that make for a strong topic (we discussed these earlier). Specifically:

• Originality
• Feasibility

So, when you have a list of potential topics or ideas, assess each of them in terms of these three criteria. A good topic should take a unique angle, provide value (either to academia or practitioners), and be practical enough for you to pull off, given your limited resources.

Finally, you should also assess whether this project could lead to potential career opportunities such as internships or job offers down the line. Make sure that you are researching something that is relevant enough so that it can benefit your professional development in some way. Additionally, consider how each research topic aligns with your career goals and interests; researching something that you are passionate about can help keep motivation high throughout the process.

How can I assess the feasibility of a research topic?

When evaluating the feasibility and practicality of a research topic, it is important to consider several factors.

First, you should assess whether or not the research topic is within your area of competence. Of course, when you start out, you are not expected to be the world’s leading expert, but do should at least have some foundational knowledge.

Time commitment

When considering a research topic, you should think about how much time will be required for completion. Depending on your field of study, some topics may require more time than others due to their complexity or scope.

Additionally, if you plan on collaborating with other researchers or institutions in order to complete your project, additional considerations must be taken into account such as coordinating schedules and ensuring that all parties involved have adequate resources available.

Resources needed

It’s also critically important to consider what type of resources are necessary in order to conduct the research successfully. This includes physical materials such as lab equipment and chemicals but can also include intangible items like access to certain databases or software programs which may be necessary depending on the nature of your work. Additionally, if there are costs associated with obtaining these materials then this must also be factored into your evaluation process.

Potential risks

It’s important to consider the inherent potential risks for each potential research topic. These can include ethical risks (challenges getting ethical approval), data risks (not being able to access the data you’ll need), technical risks relating to the equipment you’ll use and funding risks (not securing the necessary financial back to undertake the research).

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What is Project 2025? What to know about the conservative blueprint for a second Trump administration

By Melissa Quinn , Jacob Rosen

Updated on: July 11, 2024 / 9:40 AM EDT / CBS News

Washington — Voters in recent weeks have begun to hear the name "Project 2025" invoked more and more by President Biden and Democrats, as they seek to sound the alarm about what could be in store if former President Donald Trump wins a second term in the White House.

Overseen by the conservative Heritage Foundation, the multi-pronged initiative includes a detailed blueprint for the next Republican president to usher in a sweeping overhaul of the executive branch.

Trump and his campaign have worked to distance themselves from Project 2025, with the former president going so far as to call some of the proposals "abysmal." But Democrats have continued to tie the transition project to Trump, especially as they find themselves mired in their own controversy over whether Mr. Biden should withdraw from the 2024 presidential contest following his startling debate performance last month.

Here is what to know about Project 2025:

What is Project 2025?

Project 2025 is a proposed presidential transition project that is composed of four pillars: a policy guide for the next presidential administration; a LinkedIn-style database of personnel who could serve in the next administration; training for that pool of candidates dubbed the "Presidential Administration Academy;" and a playbook of actions to be taken within the first 180 days in office.

It is led by two former Trump administration officials: Paul Dans, who was chief of staff at the Office of Personnel Management and serves as director of the project, and Spencer Chretien, former special assistant to Trump and now the project's associate director.

Project 2025 is spearheaded by the Heritage Foundation, but includes an advisory board consisting of more than 100 conservative groups.

Much of the focus on — and criticism of — Project 2025 involves its first pillar, the nearly 900-page policy book that lays out an overhaul of the federal government. Called "Mandate for Leadership 2025: The Conservative Promise," the book builds on a "Mandate for Leadership" first published in January 1981, which sought to serve as a roadmap for Ronald Reagan's incoming administration.

The recommendations outlined in the sprawling plan reach every corner of the executive branch, from the Executive Office of the President to the Department of Homeland Security to the little-known Export-Import Bank. 

The Heritage Foundation also created a "Mandate for Leadership" in 2015 ahead of Trump's first term. Two years into his presidency, it touted that Trump had instituted 64% of its policy recommendations, ranging from leaving the Paris Climate Accords, increasing military spending, and increasing off-shore drilling and developing federal lands. In July 2020, the Heritage Foundation gave its updated version of the book to then-White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows. 

The authors of many chapters are familiar names from the Trump administration, such as Russ Vought, who led the Office of Management and Budget; former acting Defense Secretary Chris Miller; and Roger Severino, who was director of the Office of Civil Rights at the Department of Health and Human Services.

Vought is the policy director for the 2024 Republican National Committee's platform committee, which released its proposed platform on Monday. 

John McEntee, former director of the White House Presidential Personnel Office under Trump, is a senior advisor to the Heritage Foundation, and said that the group will "integrate a lot of our work" with the Trump campaign when the official transition efforts are announced in the next few months.

Candidates interested in applying for the Heritage Foundation's "Presidential Personnel Database" are vetted on a number of political stances, such as whether they agree or disagree with statements like "life has a right to legal protection from conception to natural death," and "the President should be able to advance his/her agenda through the bureaucracy without hindrance from unelected federal officials."

The contributions from ex-Trump administration officials have led its critics to tie Project 2025 to his reelection campaign, though the former president has attempted to distance himself from the initiative.

What are the Project 2025 plans?

Some of the policies in the Project 2025 agenda have been discussed by Republicans for years or pushed by Trump himself: less federal intervention in education and more support for school choice; work requirements for able-bodied, childless adults on food stamps; and a secure border with increased enforcement of immigration laws, mass deportations and construction of a border wall. 

But others have come under scrutiny in part because of the current political landscape. 

Abortion and social issues

In recommendations for the Department of Health and Human Services, the agenda calls for the Food and Drug Administration to reverse its 24-year-old approval of the widely used abortion pill mifepristone. Other proposed actions targeting medication abortion include reinstating more stringent rules for mifepristone's use, which would permit it to be taken up to seven weeks into a pregnancy, instead of the current 10 weeks, and requiring it to be dispensed in-person instead of through the mail.

The Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative legal group that is on the Project 2025 advisory board, was involved in a legal challenge to mifepristone's 2000 approval and more recent actions from the FDA that made it easier to obtain. But the Supreme Court rejected the case brought by a group of anti-abortion rights doctors and medical associations on procedural grounds.

The policy book also recommends the Justice Department enforce the Comstock Act against providers and distributors of abortion pills. That 1873 law prohibits drugs, medicines or instruments used in abortions from being sent through the mail.

Now that the Supreme Court has overturned Roe v. Wade , the volume states that the Justice Department "in the next conservative administration should therefore announce its intent to enforce federal law against providers and distributors of such pills."

The guide recommends the next secretary of Health and Human Services get rid of the Reproductive Healthcare Access Task Force established by the Biden administration before Roe's reversal and create a "pro-life task force to ensure that all of the department's divisions seek to use their authority to promote the life and health of women and their unborn children."

In a section titled "The Family Agenda," the proposal recommends the Health and Human Services chief "proudly state that men and women are biological realities," and that "married men and women are the ideal, natural family structure because all children have a right to be raised by the men and women who conceived them."

Further, a program within the Health and Human Services Department should "maintain a biblically based, social science-reinforced definition of marriage and family."

During his first four years in office, Trump banned transgender people from serving in the military. Mr. Biden reversed that policy , but the Project 2025 policy book calls for the ban to be reinstated.

Targeting federal agencies, employees and policies

The agenda takes aim at longstanding federal agencies, like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA. The agency is a component of the Commerce Department and the policy guide calls for it to be downsized. 

NOAA's six offices, including the National Weather Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, "form a colossal operation that has become one of the main drivers of the climate change alarm industry and, as such, is harmful to future U.S. prosperity," the guide states. 

The Department of Homeland Security, established in 2002, should be dismantled and its agencies either combined with others, or moved under the purview of other departments altogether, the policy book states. For example, immigration-related entities from the Departments of Homeland Security, Justice and Health and Human Services should form a standalone, Cabinet-level border and immigration agency staffed by more than 100,000 employees, according to the agenda.

If the policy recommendations are implemented, another federal agency that could come under the knife by the next administration, with action from Congress, is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

The agenda seeks to bring a push by conservatives to target diversity, equity and inclusion, or DEI, initiatives in higher education to the executive branch by wiping away a slew of DEI-related positions, policies and programs and calling for the elimination of funding for partners that promote DEI practices.

It states that U.S. Agency for International Development staff and grantees that "engage in ideological agitation on behalf of the DEI agenda" should be terminated. At the Treasury Department, the guide says the next administration should "treat the participation in any critical race theory or DEI initiative without objecting on constitutional or moral grounds, as per se grounds for termination of employment."

The Project 2025 policy book also takes aim at more innocuous functions of government. It calls for the next presidential administration to eliminate or reform the dietary guidelines that have been published by the Department of Agriculture for more than 40 years, which the authors claim have been "infiltrated" by issues like climate change and sustainability.

Immigration

Trump made immigration a cornerstone of his last two presidential runs and has continued to hammer the issue during his 2024 campaign. Project 2025's agenda not only recommends finishing the wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, but urges the next administration to "take a creative and aggressive approach" to responding to drug cartels at the border. This approach includes using active-duty military personnel and the National Guard to help with arrest operations along the southern border.

A memo from Immigration and Customs Enforcement that prohibits enforcement actions from taking place at "sensitive" places like schools, playgrounds and churches should be rolled back, the policy guide states. 

When the Homeland Security secretary determines there is an "actual or anticipated mass migration of aliens" that presents "urgent circumstances" warranting a federal response, the agenda says the secretary can make rules and regulations, including through their expulsion, for as long as necessary. These rules, the guide states, aren't subject to the Administration Procedure Act, which governs the agency rule-making process.

What do Trump and his advisers say about Project 2025?

In a post to his social media platform on July 5, Trump wrote , "I know nothing about Project 2025. I have no idea who is behind it. I disagree with some of the things they're saying and some of the things they're saying are absolutely ridiculous and abysmal. Anything they do, I wish them luck, but I have nothing to do with them."

Trump's pushback to the initiative came after Heritage Foundation President Kevin Roberts said in a podcast interview that the nation is "in the process of the second American Revolution, which will remain bloodless if the left allows it to be."

The former president continued to disavow the initiative this week, writing in another social media post  that he knows nothing about Project 2025.

"I have not seen it, have no idea who is in charge of it, and, unlike our very well received Republican Platform, had nothing to do with it," Trump wrote. "The Radical Left Democrats are having a field day, however, trying to hook me into whatever policies are stated or said. It is pure disinformation on their part. By now, after all of these years, everyone knows where I stand on EVERYTHING!"

While the former president said he doesn't know who is in charge of the initiative, the project's director, Dans, and associate director, Chretien, were high-ranking officials in his administration. Additionally, Ben Carson, former secretary of Housing and Urban Development under Trump; John Ratcliffe, former director of National Intelligence in the Trump administration; and Peter Navarro, who served as a top trade adviser to Trump in the White House, are listed as either authors or contributors to the policy agenda.

Still, even before Roberts' comments during "The War Room" podcast — typically hosted by conservative commentator Steve Bannon, who reported to federal prison to begin serving a four-month sentence last week — Trump's top campaign advisers have stressed that Project 2025 has no official ties to his reelection bid.

Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita, senior advisers to the Trump campaign, said in a November statement that 2024 policy announcements will be made by Trump or his campaign team.

"Any personnel lists, policy agendas, or government plans published anywhere are merely suggestions," they said.

While the efforts by outside organizations are "appreciated," Wiles and LaCivita said, "none of these groups or individuals speak for President Trump or his campaign."

In response to Trump's post last week, Project 2025 reiterated that it was separate from the Trump campaign.

"As we've been saying for more than two years now, Project 2025 does not speak for any candidate or campaign. We are a coalition of more than 110 conservative groups advocating policy & personnel recommendations for the next conservative president. But it is ultimately up to that president, who we believe will be President Trump, to decide which recommendations to implement," a statement on the project's X account said.

The initiative has also pushed back on Democrats' claims about its policy proposals and accused them of lying about what the agenda contains.

What do Democrats say?

Despite their attempts to keep some distance from Project 2025, Democrats continue to connect Trump with the transition effort. The Biden-Harris campaign frequently posts about the project on X, tying it to a second Trump term.

Mr. Biden himself accused his Republican opponent of lying about his connections to the Project 2025 agenda, saying in a statement that the agenda was written for Trump and "should scare every single American." He claimed on his campaign social media account  Wednesday that Project 2025 "will destroy America."

Congressional Democrats have also begun pivoting to Project 2025 when asked in interviews about Mr. Biden's fitness for a second term following his lackluster showing at the June 27 debate, the first in which he went head-to-head with Trump.

"Trump is all about Project 2025," Pennsylvania Sen. John Fetterman told CNN on Monday. "I mean, that's what we really should be voting on right now. It's like, do we want the kind of president that is all about Project '25?"

Rep. Jim Clyburn of South Carolina, one of Mr. Biden's closest allies on Capitol Hill, told reporters Monday that the agenda for the next Republican president was the sole topic he would talk about.

"Project 2025, that's my only concern," he said. "I don't want you or my granddaughter to live under that government."

In a statement reiterating her support for Mr. Biden, Rep. Frederica Wilson of Florida called Project 2025 "MAGA Republicans' draconian 920-page plan to end U.S. democracy, give handouts to the wealthy and strip Americans of their freedoms."

What are Republicans saying about Project 2025?

Two GOP senators under consideration to serve as Trump's running mate sought to put space between the White House hopeful and Project 2025, casting it as merely the product of a think tank that puts forth ideas.

"It's the work of a think tank, of a center-right think tank, and that's what think tanks do," Florida Sen. Marco Rubio told CNN's "State of the Union" on Sunday.

He said Trump's message to voters focuses on "restoring common sense, working-class values, and making our decisions on the basis of that."

Ohio Sen. J.D. Vance raised a similar sentiment in an interview with NBC's "Meet the Press," saying organizations will have good ideas and bad ideas.

"It's a 900-page document," he said Sunday. "I guarantee there are things that Trump likes and dislikes about that 900-page document. But he is the person who will determine the agenda of the next administration."

Jaala Brown contributed to this report.

Melissa Quinn is a politics reporter for CBSNews.com. She has written for outlets including the Washington Examiner, Daily Signal and Alexandria Times. Melissa covers U.S. politics, with a focus on the Supreme Court and federal courts.

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The MoSCoW method of prioritization

Anne-Laure Le Cunff

Whether you are trying to decide which product feature to ship first, or what task to place at the top of your to-do list, it can sometimes be hard to decide on the right prioritization. That’s when a strategic approach can be helpful. The MoSCoW method is a simple, effective way to bring order to potential requirements by placing them into four distinct categories: must, should, could, won’t.

Bringing order to potential requirements

The MoSCoW method was developed by Dai Clegg, a specialist in data modelling who was working as a consultant at Oracle. The acronym is derived from the first letter of each of the four prioritization categories, with interstitial O’s added to make the word pronounceable. The goal was to create a more explicit semantic that was not as vague as the traditional “high, medium, low” method of prioritization. The four categories are as follow:

• Must. These are the non-negotiable requirements, to tackle as soon as possible. For instance, this category could include crucial features for a minimum viable product, or preparation you must absolutely undertake before a client meeting. These requirements are considered critical for the project to be successful.
• Should. This category includes important requirements that are not as critical, and that can potentially wait until another work session. Working on these would improve the project’s chances of success, but is not essential.
• Could. This is where you can include all the “nice to have” potential requirements which are desirable but can be safely ignored in case of lack of time and resources.
• Won’t. Anything in this category can be removed from your task list. These potential requirements are either not appropriate to tackle at this time, or not aligned at all with your overall goals.

While the MoSCoW method is incredibly simple to explain, it does come with a few limitations. But once you apply some caveats and combine it with other productivity methods, it does shine as a quick way to tackle a long task list.

How to use the MoSCoW method

While the MoSCoW method emerged within the context of project management, it can be used to bring order to any kind of list of requirements, whether it’s a list of potential product features, or a list of personal tasks. However, placing these requirements into one of the four categories is only the beginning of the prioritization process. Follow these steps to make the most of the MoSCoW method and avoid its common pitfalls.

• Place items in one of the four categories. When you are unsure, always place requirements in the lower category — for example, should rather than must . You will be able to upgrade or downgrade requirements in the future, so don’t worry if you are not certain about the placement of a few items.
• Block time in your calendar. Start with items in the must category, then go through items in the should category, but do not fill your whole calendar . Stop whenever your calendar starts getting busy. It’s important to keep some wiggle room in case some tasks take longer than expected.
• Regularly review the four categories. Priorities can change. During your weekly review, have a look at the four categories and consider whether the prioritization still makes sense. In doubt, it can be helpful to combine the MoSCoW method with the Eisenhower method , which includes a time component to decide what’s urgent and important, important but not urgent, urgent but not important, or neither urgent nor important. The Eisenhower method can also be used to decide what to work on between multiple requirements with the same category.

That’s it — the MoSCoW method is a straightforward technique to add to your productivity toolbox. You can use it on your own, or to bring order to your team’s goals. Just don’t be fooled by its apparent simplicity: it does require regular reviews and time boxing in order to work best.

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Arena Learning: Build Data Flywheel for LLMs Post-training via Simulated Chatbot Arena

• Haipeng Luo ,
• Qingfeng Sun ,
• Qingwei Lin 林庆维 ,
• Jianguang Lou ,
• Shifeng Chen ,
• Yansong Tang ,
• Weizhu Chen

Assessing the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) presents significant challenges. The method of conducting human-annotated battles in an online Chatbot Arena has been recognized as a highly effective evaluative approach. However, this process is hindered by the costliness and time demands of human annotation, complicating the enhancement of LLMs via post-training. In this paper, we introduce ” Arena Learning ”, an innovative offline strategy designed to simulate these arena battles. We have developed a comprehensive set of instructions for simulated battles and employ AI-driven annotations to assess battle outcomes, facilitating continuous improvement of the target model through both supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning. A crucial aspect of our methodology is ensuring precise evaluations and achieving consistency between offline simulations and online competitions. To this end, we present WizardArena , a pipeline crafted to accurately predict the Elo rankings of various models using a meticulously designed offline test set. Our findings indicate that WizardArena’s predictions are closely aligned with those from the online Arena. We apply this novel framework to train our model, WizardLM- β , which demonstrates significant performance enhancements across various metrics. This fully automated training and evaluation pipeline paves the way for ongoing, incremental advancements in various LLMs via post-training. Notably, Arena Learning plays a pivotal role in the success of WizardLM-2, and this paper serves both as an exploration of its efficacy and a foundational study for upcoming discussions related to WizardLM-2 and its derivatives.

Introduction

With the rapid implementation of various large model applications and the reduction of inference costs, the interest and demand from businesses and consumers in using large language model services have increased rapidly. At the same time, with the innovation and deepening of application scenarios, this requires those models to continue to evolve to adapt to the user’s new intentions and instructions. Therefore, building an efficient data flywheel to continuously collect feedback and improve model capabilities has become a key direction for next generation AI research.

The emergence of the LMSYS Chatbot Arena has been a significant development. This is a platform that facilitates the assessment and comparison of different chatbot models by pitting them against each other in a series of conversational challenges and rank with Elo rating system. However, the human-based evaluation process poses its own challenges: Manually orchestrating and waiting the interactions between chatbots and human evaluators can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, limiting the scale and frequency of evaluation and training data opensource cycles. On the other hand, due to their priority limitations, most models are unable to participate in arena evaluations, and the community can only obtain 10% of the chat data at most, making it hard to directly and efficiently guide the development of the target model based on this Arena. Therefore, the need for a more efficient and scalable arena-based pipeline to chatbot post-training and evaluation has become increasingly pressing.

To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel approach called  Arena Learning , which is a training and evaluation pipeline fully based on and powered by AI LLMs without human evaluators. The primary objective of  Arena Learning  is to build an efficient data flywheel and mitigate the manual and temporal costs associated with post-training LLMs while retaining the benefits of arena-based evaluation and training. As the running example shown in the Figure 1, the key is that  Arena Learning  simulates a offline chatbot arena, and can efficiently predict accurate performance rankings among different arena battle models based on a powerful “judge model”, which could automatically imitate the manner of human annotators in judging a responses pair of two models and provide rankings, scores, and explanation.

Approach Overview

In the post-training scenario,  Arena Learning  simulates battles among target model (referred to as  WizardLM-β ) and various state-of-the-art models on a large scale of instruction data. These synthetic battle results are then used to enhance  WizardLM-β  through some training strategies, including supervised fine-tuning (SFT), direct preference optimization (DPO), and proximal policy optimization (PPO), enabling it to learn from the strengths and weaknesses of other good models. Furthermore,  Arena Learning  introduces an iterative battle and training process, where the  WizardLM-β  is continuously updated and re-evaluated against SOTA models. This allows for the  WizardLM-β  to iteratively improve and adapt to the evolving landscape of the arena, ensuring that it remains competitive and up-to-date with the latest top-tier competitors in the field.

Build a Data Flywheel to Post-train LLMs

Collect large-scale instruction data.

To facilitate leveraging the simulated arena battles among models to train WizardLM-β, Arena Learning relies on a large-scale corpus of conversational data  D . The data collection process involves several stages of filtering, cleaning, and deduplication to ensure the quality and diversity of the instruction data. The simulated arena battle outcomes are then used to generate training data for the WizardLM-β, tailored to different training strategies: supervised fine-tuning (SFT), direct preference optimization (DPO), and proximal policy optimization (PPO). We split the data equally into some parts  D  = { D _0,  D _1,  D _2, …,  D _N} for following iterative training and updates respectively.

Iterative Battle and Model Evolving

Arena Learning employs an iterative process for training and improving the WizardLM-β. After each round of simulated arena battles and training data generation, the WizardLM-β is updated using the appropriate training strategies (SFT, DPO, and/or PPO). This updated model is then re-introduced into the arena, where it battles against the other SOTA models once again. This iterative process allows the WizardLM-β to continuously improve and adapt to the evolving landscape of the arena. As the model becomes stronger, the simulated battles become more challenging, forcing the WizardLM-β to push its boundaries and learn from the latest strategies and capabilities exhibited by the other models. Additionally, the iterative nature of Arena Learning enables the researchers to monitor the progress and performance of the WizardLM-β over time, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of the different training strategies and potential areas for further improvement or refinement.

Evaluate LLMs with WizardArena

3. Experiments Overview

3.1 offline wizardarena closely align with the online lmsys chatbot arena..

Figure 6 reveals that employing the LMSYS ChatBot Arena as the reference benchmark in the real-world scenarios, WizardArena displays the good ranking consistency, however MT-Bench shows the large fluctuations. Table 3 also illustrates that the Offline WizardArena-Mix significantly outperforms MT-Bench across several consistent metrics: a 19.87% higher Spearman Correlation, a 73.07% increase in Human Agreement with 95% CI, and a 74.57% improvement in Differentiation with 95% CI. It achieves an average consistency of 98.79% with the LMSYS ChatBot Arena by human judgment, outperforming Arena-Hard-v1.0 by 8.58% and MT-Bench by 55.84%. In contrast to MT-Bench and Arena-Hard-v1.0 which use proprietary models (i.e. GPT-4) as the judge model, our approach employs current SOTA open-source model Llama-3-70B-Chat, which not only has a significantly lower cost but also achieves strong consistency. Moreover, the Offline WizardArena-Mix, which integrates both Diverse and Hard test sets, achieves 0.87% higher average consistency compared to WizardArena-Diverse and 0.82% higher than WizardArena-Hard. This indicates that balancing diversity and complexity is crucial for the effective offline evaluation of large language models. Above results also further prove the feasibility of using the “judge” model to judge the battles between LLMs and generate a large amount of post-training data in simulated arena.

3.2 Can Arena Learning build an effective data flywheel with post-training?

Following Table demonstrates the impact of using the methodname method to post-train WizardLM-beta models during three data flywheel iterations, where I_i represents the i-th iteration. In each iteration from I_1 to I_3, we always use 90k data for post-training. Starting from WizardLM-β-7B-I_0, the next 3 iterations have improved by 343 points, 32 points, and 28 points on Wizardarena-Mix Elo, respectively. At the same time, the MT-bench score of this model has also achieved significant improvement (from 6.41 to 8.16). Specifically, the WizardLM-β-7B-I_1 even surpasses WizardLM-70B-v1.0 and the WizardLM-β-7B-I_3 also shows comparable performance with Starling-LM-7B-Beta. It is worth noting that we have also observed the same trend on WizardLM-β-8x22B models, and even achieved a more significant increase in both Wizardarena-Mix Elo (+460) and MT-Bench (+2.07). This model also beats both Command R+ and Claude 3 Haiku. Following Figure presents the win rates of 32 models in WizardArena-Mix, with each model involving in 2k x 31 battles. Compared to those baselines, our model has achieved significant improvements in win rate from the I_0 to I_3. Specifically, using GPT-4o as the battle target, our WizardLM-β-8x22B’s win rate increased by 26% (8% -> 22% -> 27% ->34%), WizardLM-β-7B’s win rate also increased by 14% (6% -> 16% -> 18% ->20%).

Above results highlight that continuous battle with SOTA models with Arena Learning and updating weights with new selected data can progressively enhance model capacities compared to its rivals. Hence, Arena Learning builds an effective data flywheel and utilizing the Arena Learning can significantly improve model performance in post-training.

3.3 Scaling Iterative SFT, DPO, and PPO with Arena Learning.

As the core question of this paper asks how Arena Learning improves a model’s performance with post-training, in this section we examine how performance is affected by different post-training technology and data flywheel iterations. Following Figure explores the results of WizardLM-β-7B model. As expected, we observe that each performance across the SFT and RL models improves step by step as we add more selected data from more Arena Learning battle iterations. Specifically, from SFT-I_0 to PPO-I_3, the WizardArena-Mix ELO score improves from 871 to 1274, achieves a huge gain of 403 points, and the Arena-Hard Auto ELO score also rose by 26.3 points (from 5.2 to 31.5). Additionally, the AlpacaEval 2.0 LC win rate improved by 26%, from 8.2% to 34.2%, and the MT-Bench score increased by 1.75 points, from 6.41 to 8.16. Significant improvements across four key benchmarks highlight the effectiveness and scalability of the iterative training approach proposed by Arena Learning in enhancing post-training LLMs during the SFT, DPO, and PPO stages.

In conclusion, this paper presents Arena Learning, a simulated offline chatbot arena that utilizes AI LLMs to eliminate the manual and temporal costs associated with post-training LLMs, while preserving the benefits of arena-based evaluation and training. The effectiveness of Arena Learning is validated through the high consistency in predicting Elo rankings among different LLMs compared to the human-based LMSys Chatbot Arena. Furthermore, the model iteratively trained on synthetic data generated by Arena Learning exhibits significant performance improvements across various training strategies. This work showcases the potential of Arena Learning as a cost-effective and reliable alternative to human-based evaluation and data flywheel platform for post-training large language models.

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The trends defining the $1.8 trillion global wellness market in 2024

From cold plunges to collagen to celery juice, the $1.8 trillion global consumer wellness market is no stranger to fads, which can sometimes surface with limited clinical research or credibility. Today, consumers are no longer simply trying out these wellness trends and hoping for the best, but rather asking, “What does the science say?”

About the authors

This article is a collaborative effort by Shaun Callaghan , Hayley Doner, Jonathan Medalsy, Anna Pione , and Warren Teichner , representing views from McKinsey’s Consumer Packaged Goods and Private Equity & Principal Investors Practices.

McKinsey’s latest Future of Wellness research—which surveyed more than 5,000 consumers across China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—examines the trends shaping the consumer wellness landscape. In this article, we pair these findings with a look at seven wellness subsets—including women’s health, weight management, and in-person fitness—that our research suggests are especially ripe areas for innovation and investment activity.

The science- and data-backed future of wellness

In the United States alone, we estimate that the wellness market has reached $480 billion, growing at 5 to 10 percent per year. Eighty-two percent of US consumers now consider wellness a top or important priority in their everyday lives, which is similar to what consumers in the United Kingdom and China report (73 percent and 87 percent, respectively).

This is especially true among Gen Z and millennial consumers, who are now purchasing more wellness products and services than older generations, across the same dimensions we outlined in our previous research : health, sleep, nutrition, fitness, appearance, and mindfulness (Exhibit 1). 1 “ Still feeling good: The US wellness market continues to boom ,” McKinsey, September 19, 2022.

Across the globe, responses to our survey questions revealed a common theme about consumer expectations: consumers want effective, data-driven, science-backed health and wellness solutions (Exhibit 2).

Five trends shaping the consumer health and wellness space in 2024

Fifty-eight percent of US respondents to our survey said they are prioritizing wellness more now than they did a year ago. The following five trends encompass their newly emerging priorities, as well as those that are consistent with our earlier research.

Trend one: Health at home

The COVID-19 pandemic made at-home testing kits a household item. As the pandemic has moved into its endemic phase, consumers are expressing greater interest in other kinds of at-home kits: 26 percent of US consumers are interested in testing for vitamin and mineral deficiencies at home, 24 percent for cold and flu symptoms, and 23 percent for cholesterol levels.

At-home diagnostic tests are appealing to consumers because they offer greater convenience than going to a doctor’s office, quick results, and the ability to test frequently. In China, 35 percent of consumers reported that they had even replaced some in-person healthcare appointments with at-home diagnostic tests—a higher share than in the United States or the United Kingdom.

Although there is growing interest in the space, some consumers express hesitancy. In the United States and the United Kingdom, top barriers to adoption include the preference to see a doctor in person, a perceived lack of need, and price; in China, test accuracy is a concern for approximately 30 percent of consumers.

Implications for companies: Companies can address three critical considerations to help ensure success in this category. First, companies will want to determine the right price value equation for at-home diagnostic kits since cost still presents a major barrier for many consumers today. Second, companies should consider creating consumer feedback loops, encouraging users to take action based on their test results and then test again to assess the impact of those interventions. Third, companies that help consumers understand their test results—either through the use of generative AI to help analyze and deliver personalized results, or through integration with telehealth services—could develop a competitive advantage.

Trend two: A new era for biomonitoring and wearables

Roughly half of all consumers we surveyed have purchased a fitness wearable at some point in time. While wearable devices such as watches have been popular for years, new modalities powered by breakthrough technologies have ushered in a new era for biomonitoring and wearable devices.

Wearable biometric rings, for example, are now equipped with sensors that provide consumers with insights about their sleep quality through paired mobile apps. Continuous glucose monitors, which can be applied to the back of the user’s arm, provide insights about the user’s blood sugar levels, which may then be interpreted by a nutritionist who can offer personalized health guidance.

Roughly one-third of surveyed wearable users said they use their devices more often than they did last year, and more than 75 percent of all surveyed consumers indicated an openness to using a wearable in the future. We expect the use of wearable devices to continue to grow, particularly as companies track a wider range of health indicators.

Implications for companies: While there is a range of effective wearable solutions on the market today for fitness and sleep, there are fewer for nutrition, weight management, and mindfulness, presenting an opportunity for companies to fill these gaps.

Wearables makers and health product and services providers in areas such as nutrition, fitness, and sleep can explore partnerships that try to make the data collected through wearable devices actionable, which could drive greater behavioral change among consumers. One example: a consumer interested in managing stress levels might wear a device that tracks spikes in cortisol. Companies could then use this data to make personalized recommendations for products related to wellness, fitness, and mindfulness exercises.

Businesses must keep data privacy and clarity of insights top of mind. Roughly 30 percent of China, UK, and US consumers are open to using a wearable device only if the data is shared exclusively with them. Additionally, requiring too much manual data input or sharing overly complicated insights could diminish the user experience. Ensuring that data collection is transparent and that insights are simple to understand and targeted to consumers’ specific health goals or risk factors will be crucial to attracting potential consumers.

Trend three: Personalization’s gen AI boost

Nearly one in five US consumers and one in three US millennials prefer personalized products and services. While the preference for personalized wellness products was lower than in years prior, we believe this is likely due to consumers becoming more selective about which personalized products and services they use.

Technological advancements and the rise of first-party data are giving personalization a new edge. Approximately 20 percent of consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States and 30 percent in China look for personalized products and services that use biometric data to provide recommendations. There is an opportunity to pair these tools with gen AI to unlock greater precision and customization. In fact, gen AI has already made its way to the wearables and app space: some wearables use gen AI to design customized workouts for users based on their fitness data.

Implications for companies: Companies that offer software-based health and wellness services to consumers are uniquely positioned to incorporate gen AI into their personalization offerings. Other businesses could explore partnerships with companies that use gen AI to create personalized wellness recommendations.

Trend four: Clinical over clean

Last year, we saw consumers begin to shift away from wellness products with clean or natural ingredients to those with clinically proven ingredients. Today, that shift is even more evident. Roughly half of UK and US consumers reported clinical effectiveness as a top purchasing factor, while only about 20 percent reported the same for natural or clean ingredients. This trend is most pronounced in categories such as over-the-counter medications and vitamins and supplements (Exhibit 3).

In China, consumers expressed roughly equal overall preference for clinical and clean products, although there were some variations between categories. They prioritized clinical efficacy for digestive medication, topical treatments, and eye care products, while they preferred natural and clean ingredients for supplements, superfoods, and personal-care products.

Implications for companies: To meet consumer demand for clinically proven products, some brands will be able to emphasize existing products in their portfolios, while other businesses may have to rethink product formulations and strategy. While wellness companies that have built a brand around clean or natural products—particularly those with a dedicated customer base—may not want to pivot away from their existing value proposition, they can seek out third-party certifications to help substantiate their claims and reach more consumers.

Companies can boost the clinical credibility of their products by using clinically tested ingredients, running third-party research studies on their products, securing recommendations from healthcare providers and scientists, and building a medical board that weighs in on product development.

Trend five: The rise of the doctor recommendation

The proliferation of influencer marketing in the consumer space has created new sources of wellness information—with varying degrees of credibility. As consumers look to avoid “healthwashing” (that is, deceptive marketing that positions a product as healthier than it really is), healthcare provider recommendations are important once again.

Doctor recommendations are the third-highest-ranked source of influence on consumer health and wellness purchase decisions in the United States (Exhibit 4). Consumers said they are most influenced by doctors’ recommendations when seeking care related to mindfulness, sleep, and overall health (which includes the use of vitamins, over-the-counter medications, and personal- and home-care products).

Implications for companies: Brands need to consider which messages and which messengers are most likely to resonate with their consumers. We have found that a company selling products related to mindfulness may want to use predominately doctor recommendations and social media advertising, whereas a company selling fitness products may want to leverage recommendations from friends and family, as well as endorsements from personal trainers.

Seven areas of growth in the wellness space

Building upon last year’s research, several pockets of growth in the wellness space are emerging. Increasing consumer interest, technological breakthroughs, product innovation, and an increase in chronic illnesses have catalyzed growth in these areas.

Women’s health

Historically, women’s health has been underserved and underfunded . Today, purchases of women’s health products are on the rise across a range of care needs (Exhibit 5). While the highest percentage of respondents said they purchased menstrual-care and sexual-health products, consumers said they spent the most on menopause and pregnancy-related products in the past year.

Digital tools are also becoming more prevalent in the women’s health landscape. For example, wearable devices can track a user’s physiological signals to identify peak fertility windows.

Despite recent growth in the women’s health space, there is still unmet demand for products and services. Menopause has been a particularly overlooked segment of the market: only 5 percent of FemTech  start-ups address menopause needs. 2 Christine Hall, “Why more startups and VCs are finally pursuing the menopause market: ‘$600B is not “niche,”’” Crunchbase, January 21, 2021.   Consumers also continue to engage with offerings across the women’s health space, including menstrual and intimate care, fertility support, pregnancy and motherhood products, and women-focused healthcare centers, presenting opportunities for companies to expand products and services in these areas.

Healthy aging

Demand for products and services that support healthy aging and longevity is on the rise, propelled by a shift toward preventive medicine, the growth of health technology (such as telemedicine and digital-health monitoring), and advances in research on antiaging products.

Roughly 70 percent of consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States and 85 percent in China indicated that they have purchased more in this category in the past year than in prior years.

More than 60 percent of consumers surveyed considered it “very” or “extremely” important to purchase products or services that help with healthy aging and longevity. Roughly 70 percent of consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States and 85 percent in China indicated that they have purchased more in this category in the past year than in prior years. These results were similar across age groups, suggesting that the push toward healthy aging is spurred both by younger generations seeking preventive solutions and older generations seeking to improve their longevity. As populations across developed economies continue to age (one in six people in the world will be aged 60 or older by 2030 3 “Ageing and health,” World Health Organization, October 1, 2022. ), we expect there to be an even greater focus globally on healthy aging.

To succeed in this market, companies can take a holistic approach to healthy-aging solutions , which includes considerations about mental health and social factors. Bringing products and services to market that anticipate the needs of aging consumers—instead of emphasizing the aging process to sell these products—will be particularly important. For example, a service that addresses aging in older adults might focus on one aspect of longevity, such as fitness or nutrition, rather than the process of aging itself.

Weight management

Weight management is top of mind for consumers in the United States, where nearly one in three adults struggles with obesity 4 Obesity fact sheet 508 , US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, July 2022. ; 60 percent of US consumers in our survey said they are currently trying to lose weight.

While exercise is by far the most reported weight management intervention in our survey, more than 50 percent of US consumers considered prescription medication, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) drugs, to be a “very effective” intervention. Prescription medication is perceived differently elsewhere: less than 30 percent of UK and China consumers considered weight loss drugs to be very effective.

Given the recency of the GLP-1 weight loss trend, it is too early to understand how it will affect the broader consumer health and wellness market. Companies should continue to monitor the space as further data emerges on adoption rates and impact across categories.

In-person fitness

Fitness has shifted from a casual interest to a priority for many consumers: around 50 percent of US gym-goers said that fitness is a core part of their identity (Exhibit 6). This trend is even stronger among younger consumers—56 percent of US Gen Z consumers surveyed considered fitness a “very high priority” (compared with 40 percent of overall US consumers).

In-person fitness classes and personal training are the top two areas where consumers expect to spend more on fitness. Consumers expect to maintain their spending on fitness club memberships and fitness apps.

The challenge for fitness businesses will be to retain consumers among an ever-increasing suite of choices. Offering best-in-class facilities, convenient locations and hours, and loyalty and referral programs are table stakes. Building strong communities and offering experiences such as retreats, as well as services such as nutritional coaching and personalized workout plans (potentially enabled by gen AI), can help top players evolve their value proposition and manage customer acquisition costs.

More than 80 percent of consumers in China, the United Kingdom, and the United States consider gut health to be important, and over 50 percent anticipate making it a higher priority in the next two to three years.

One-third of US consumers, one-third of UK consumers, and half of Chinese consumers said they wish there were more products in the market to support their gut health.

While probiotic supplements are the most frequently used gut health products in China and the United States, UK consumers opt for probiotic-rich foods such as kimchi, kombucha, or yogurt, as well as over-the-counter medications. About one-third of US consumers, one-third of UK consumers, and half of Chinese consumers said they wish there were more products in the market to support their gut health. At-home microbiome testing and personalized nutrition are two areas where companies can build on the growing interest in this segment.

Sexual health

The expanded cultural conversation about sexuality, improvements in sexual education, and growing support for female sexual-health challenges (such as low libido, vaginal dryness, and pain during intercourse) have all contributed to the growth in demand for sexual-health products.

Eighty-seven percent of US consumers reported having spent the same or more on sexual-health products in the past year than in the year prior, and they said they purchased personal lubricants, contraceptives, and adult toys most frequently.

While more businesses began to sell sexual-health products online during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, a range of retailers—from traditional pharmacies to beauty retailers to department stores—are now adding more sexual-health brands and items to their store shelves. 5 Keerthi Vedantam, “Why more sexual wellness startups are turned on by retail,” Crunchbase, November 15, 2022.   This creates marketing and distribution opportunities for disruptor brands to reach new audiences and increase scale.

Despite consistently ranking as the second-highest health and wellness priority for consumers, sleep is also the area where consumers said they have the most unmet needs. In our previous report, 37 percent of US consumers expressed a desire for additional sleep and mindfulness products and services, such as those that address cognitive functioning, stress, and anxiety management. In the year since, little has changed. One of the major challenges in improving sleep is the sheer number of factors that can affect a good night’s sleep, including diet, exercise, caffeination, screen time, stress, and other lifestyle factors. As a result, few, if any, tech players and emerging brands in the sleep space have been able to create a compelling ecosystem to improve consumer sleep holistically. Leveraging consumer data to address specific pain points more effectively—including inducing sleep, minimizing sleep interruptions, easing wakefulness, and improving sleep quality—presents an opportunity for companies.

As consumers take more control over their health outcomes, they are looking for data-backed, accessible products and services that empower them to do so. Companies that can help consumers make sense of this data and deliver solutions that are personalized, relevant, and rooted in science will be best positioned to succeed.

Shaun Callaghan is a partner in McKinsey’s New Jersey office; Hayley Doner is a consultant in the Paris office; and Jonathan Medalsy is an associate partner in the New York office, where Anna Pione is a partner and Warren Teichner is a senior partner.

The authors wish to thank Celina Bade, Cherry Chen, Eric Falardeau, Lily Fu, Eric He, Sara Hudson, Charlotte Lucas, Maria Neely, Olga Ostromecka, Akshay Rao, Michael Rix, and Alex Sanford for their contributions to this article.

This article was edited by Alexandra Mondalek, an editor in the New York office.

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IIA Global Research Project Reveals Embracing Technological Change and Expanding Advisory Services Critical to the Profession’s Future

Press Release The IIA Jul 15, 2024

ORLANDO, Fla. (July 15, 2024) – The IIA’s Internal Audit Foundation released its “Internal Audit: Vision 2035 – Creating Our Future Together ” report at the International Conference in Washington, DC today. The findings from the Vision report, gleaned from feedback from more than 7,000 practitioners and stakeholders around the world, lay bare the extent to which technological change will continue to impact the internal audit profession. The results underscore the need for internal audit practitioners to expand the scope of their services and embrace emerging technology in order to continue to provide value to organizations in the years to come. in order to continue to provide value to organizations in the years to come.

Embracing Technological Change

The report identified several positive technology-driven changes that are expected transform internal audit over the next decade. Notably, 97% of participants said they expect technology to increase the complexity and volume of data available for auditors to analyze, and another 93% believe that new technology will allow audit functions to develop better insights for recommendations to stakeholders. Regarding AI in particular, participants agree that AI will aid in the analysis of more in-depth insights, however less than half (48%) reported that they are currently involved in AI-related activities.

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Findings from the Vision report also revealed an increasing need for internal audit functions to expand the scope of their services and take on a more strategic advisory role within organizations. When asked to consider the value that internal audit can offer through both assurance and advisory services, 79% of participants agreed that advisory work will become more essential to audit functions in the years to come while playing a bigger role in internal audit plans. According to respondents, the top areas where internal audit functions can provide the most assurance and advisory services include operations and processes (87%), compliance (82%), and risk management (77%).

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Title: vision language models are blind.

Abstract: Large language models with vision capabilities (VLMs), e.g., GPT-4o and Gemini 1.5 Pro are powering countless image-text applications and scoring high on many vision-understanding benchmarks. We propose BlindTest, a suite of 7 visual tasks absurdly easy to humans such as identifying (a) whether two circles overlap; (b) whether two lines intersect; (c) which letter is being circled in a word; and (d) counting the number of circles in a Olympic-like logo. Surprisingly, four state-of-the-art VLMs are, on average, only 56.20% accurate on our benchmark, with \newsonnet being the best (73.77% accuracy). On BlindTest, VLMs struggle with tasks that requires precise spatial information and counting (from 0 to 10), sometimes providing an impression of a person with myopia seeing fine details as blurry and making educated guesses. Code is available at: this https URL

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Here’s What Is Known About the Suspect Who Tried to Assassinate Trump

Authorities identified the gunman as a 20-year-old man from Bethel Park, Pa., a town about an hour’s drive from the site of the shooting.

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By Campbell Robertson ,  Jack Healy ,  Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs and Glenn Thrush

• July 14, 2024

He was interested in chess and coding, and had recently received an associate’s degree in engineering science. High school classmates remembered him as an intelligent student who had few friends, but who never exhibited any glaring red flags. The nursing home where he had a job helping with meals said his work gave its staff no reason for “concern.”

And in an era when other people his age put troves of personal information online, Thomas Matthew Crooks, 20, left few clues about who he was, what he believed, or why he decided to drive to a Trump rally in western Pennsylvania on Saturday and try to assassinate the former president.

On Sunday, federal investigators said a gunman they identified as Mr. Crooks had used an AR-15 style rifle purchased by his father to open fire from a rooftop outside the rally where the former president, Donald J. Trump, was speaking. In a series of new details, F.B.I. officials said they were investigating the incident as a possible case of domestic terrorism, and that the gunman had left behind explosives materials in the vehicle he drove to the event.

But many other details of Mr. Crooks’s life and motives of were still unclear. Federal authorities said he had no apparent history of mental health issues or previous threats, and had not been on the radar of federal law enforcement.

Investigators were scouring his online presence and working to gain access to his phone, but so far had not found indications of strongly held political beliefs. In fact, the clues he left behind were confusing: He was a registered Republican but had also donated to a progressive cause in 2021; his parents were registered as a Democrat and Libertarian.

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